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| Inhaltsverzeichnis | ||
| 1 | Persönlichkeit in Alltag, Wissenschaft und Praxis | 1 |
| 1.1 | Alltagsverständnis der Persönlichkeit | 2 |
| 1.2 | Wissenschaftliche Persönlichkeitskonzepte | 5 |
| 1.2.1 | Wissenschaftsparadigmen | 5 |
| 1.2.2 | Das psychoanalytische Paradigma | 8 |
| 1.2.3 | Empirische Persönlichkeitspsychologie | 19 |
| 1.3 | Anwendungen der Persönlichkeitspsychologie | 20 |
| 2 | Sechs Paradigmen der Persönlichkeitspsychologie | 23 |
| 2.1 | Eigenschaftsparadigma | 25 |
| 2.1.1 | Von Sterns Schema zu Cattells Würfel | 26 |
| 2.1.2 | Langfristige Stabilität | 27 |
| 2.1.3 | Transsituative Konsistenz | 27 |
| 2.1.4 | Reaktionskohärenz | 29 |
| 2.1.5 | Idiographischer und nomothetischer Ansatz | 30 |
| 2.2 | Informationsverarbeitungsparadigma | 33 |
| 2.2.1 | Geschwindigkeit der Informationsverarbeitung | 33 |
| 2.2.2 | Kapazität des Arbeitsgedächtnisses | 34 |
| 2.2.3 | Impulsive vs. reflektive Informationsverarbeitung | 34 |
| 2.2.4 | Implizite Einstellungen | 36 |
| 2.3 | Dynamisch-interaktionistisches Paradigma | 39 |
| 2.3.1 | Vom Behaviorismus zum reziproken Determinismus | 40 |
| 2.3.2 | Vom genetischen Determinismus zu Genom-Umwelt-Korrelationen | 44 |
| 2.3.3 | Persönlichkeit-Umwelt-Transaktion | 46 |
| 2.4 | Neurowissenschaftliches Paradigma | 49 |
| 2.4.1 | Biologische Systeme | 50 |
| 2.4.2 | Temperamentsforschung | 53 |
| 2.4.3 | Methodik | 56 |
| 2.4.4 | Stellenwert in der Persönlichkeitspsychologie | 60 |
| 2.5 | Molekulargenetisches Paradigma | 61 |
| 2.5.1 | Genetik | 62 |
| 2.5.2 | Epigenetik | 65 |
| 2.5.3 | Gen-Umwelt-Interaktionen | 66 |
| 2.6 | Evolutionspsychologisches Paradigma | 68 |
| 2.6.1 | Prinzipien der Evolution | 68 |
| 2.6.2 | Frequenzabhängige Selektion | 73 |
| 2.6.3 | Konditionale Entwicklungsstrategien | 74 |
| 2.7 | Gesamtüberblick | 78 |
| 3 | Methodik | 81 |
| 3.1 | Klassifikation von Personen | 82 |
| 3.2 | Messung von Eigenschaften | 83 |
| 3.2.1 | Skalen | 83 |
| 3.2.2 | Verteilung von Eigenschaftswerten | 84 |
| 3.2.3 | Korrelation | 86 |
| 3.2.4 | Reliabilität | 89 |
| 3.2.5 | Validität | 94 |
| 3.2.6 | Eigenschaftsbeurteilung | 97 |
| 3.2.7 | Verhaltenserfassung | 100 |
| 3.2.8 | Persönlichkeitserfassung im Alltag und im Labor | 102 |
| 3.3 | Persönlichkeitsfaktoren | 103 |
| 3.4 | Persönlichkeitsprofile und Persönlichkeitstypen | 111 |
| 3.5 | Persönlichkeitsstörungen | 115 |
| 3.6 | Mehrebenenmodelle | 120 |
| 3.7 | Kreuzkorrelationsdesigns | 125 |
| 4 | Persönlichkeitsbereiche | 131 |
| 4.1 | Physische Merkmale | 133 |
| 4.1.1 | Körperbau | 133 |
| 4.1.2 | Physische Attraktivität | 134 |
| 4.1.3 | Exemplarische Anwendung: Halo-Effekte bei der Personalauswahl | 136 |
| 4.2 | Temperament und interpersonelle Stile | 137 |
| 4.2.1 | Extraversion und interpersonelle Stile | 138 |
| 4.2.2 | Neurotizismus | 139 |
| 4.2.3 | Kontrolliertheit | 141 |
| 4.2.4 | Exemplarische Anwendung: Krankheitsverhalten | 143 |
| 4.3 | Fähigkeiten | 144 |
| 4.3.1 | Intelligenz | 145 |
| 4.3.2 | Kreativität | 157 |
| 4.3.3 | Soziale Kompetenz | 159 |
| 4.3.4 | Emotionale Kompetenzen | 163 |
| 4.3.5 | Exemplarische Anwendung: Assessment Center | 164 |
| 4.4 | Handlungseigenschaften | 168 |
| 4.4.1 | Bedürfnisse, Motive und Interessen | 168 |
| 4.4.2 | Handlungsüberzeugungen | 182 |
| 4.4.3 | Bewältigungsstile | 187 |
| 4.4.4 | Exemplarische Anwendung: Führungspersönlichkeit und Politikvorhersage | 191 |
| 4.5 | Bewertungsdispositionen | 194 |
| 4.5.1 | Werthaltungen | 195 |
| 4.5.2 | Einstellungen | 199 |
| 4.5.3 | Exemplarische Anwendung: Rückfallrisiko für Sexualstraftäter | 203 |
| 4.6 | Selbstkonzept und Wohlbefinden | 206 |
| 4.6.1 | Ich, Mich und Selbstkonzept | 206 |
| 4.6.2 | Selbstwertgefühl | 208 |
| 4.6.3 | Dispositionale Aspekte der Selbstwertdynamik | 210 |
| 4.6.4 | Wohlbefinden und Lebenszufriedenheit | 220 |
| 4.6.5 Exemplarische Anwendung: Selbstdarstellung in neuen Medien (Homepages, Facebook, | ||
| Online Dating) | 223 | |
| 5 | Umwelt und Beziehung | 227 |
| 5.1 | Persönliche Umwelt | 228 |
| 5.2 | Persönliche Beziehungen | 234 |
| 5.2.1 | Egozentrierte Netzwerke und Beziehungsstatus | 235 |
| 5.2.2 | Soziometrischer Status | 238 |
| 5.2.3 | Das Modell sozialer Beziehungen nach David Kenny | 238 |
| 5.3 | Bindungen | 241 |
| 5.3.1 | Bindungsstile bei Kindern | 241 |
| 5.3.2 | Bindungsstile bei Erwachsenen | 244 |
| 5.4 | Soziale Unterstützung | 251 |
| Inhaltsverzeichnis | ||
| 5.5 | Persönlichkeit und Partnerschaft | 254 |
| 5.6 | Anwendung: Partnersuche mithilfe von Online Dating und Speed Dating | 258 |
| 5.6.1 | Online Dating | 259 |
| 5.6.2 | Speed Dating | 260 |
| 6 | Persönlichkeitsentwicklung | 263 |
| 6.1 | Stabilität, Kontinuität und Vorhersagekraft | 264 |
| 6.1.1 | Stabilität, Kontinuität und differentielle Entwicklung | 264 |
| 6.1.2 | Alterstypische Veränderungen | 266 |
| 6.1.3 | Langfristige Stabilität von Persönlichkeitsunterschieden | 268 |
| 6.1.4 | Kontinuität von Eigenschaften | 275 |
| 6.1.5 | Langfristige Vorhersagekraft der Persönlichkeit | 279 |
| 6.2 | Einflüsse | 284 |
| 6.2.1 | Direkte und indirekte Einflussschätzung | 285 |
| 6.2.2 | Relativer Einfluss von Genom und Umwelt | 288 |
| 6.2.3 | Geteilte und nicht geteilte Umwelteinflüsse | 298 |
| 6.2.4 | Interaktion und Kovarianz von Genom und Umwelt | 302 |
| 6.2.5 | Genetische und Umwelteinflüsse auf Persönlichkeitsentwicklung | 304 |
| 6.3 | Wechselwirkungsprozesse zwischen Persönlichkeit und Umwelt | 308 |
| 6.3.1 | Intellektuelle Leistungen | 308 |
| 6.3.2 | Antisoziale Persönlichkeit | 314 |
| 6.3.3 | Schüchternheit | 321 |
| 6.3.4 | Exemplarische Anwendung: Umgang mit schüchternen Kindern | 326 |
| 6.3.5 | Zusammenfassung | 327 |
| 6.4 | Zufall und Notwendigkeit in der Persönlichkeitsentwicklung | 328 |
| 7 | Geschlechtsunterschiede | 333 |
| 7.1 | Geschlecht und Geschlechtsstereotyp | 334 |
| 7.2 | Geschlechtsentwicklung | 335 |
| 7.2.1 | Genetisches Geschlecht | 335 |
| 7.2.2 | Hormonelles und neuronales Geschlecht | 335 |
| 7.2.3 | Entwicklung des Geschlechtsverständnisses | 337 |
| 7.2.4 | Entwicklung geschlechtsbezogener Einstellungen | 339 |
| 7.2.5 | Entwicklung geschlechtstypischen Verhaltens | 340 |
| 7.2.6 | Entwicklung der sexuellen Orientierung | 341 |
| 7.3 | Die Größe psychologischer Geschlechtsunterschiede | 343 |
| 7.3.1 | Kognitive Geschlechtsunterschiede | 344 |
| 7.3.2 | Soziale Geschlechtsunterschiede | 348 |
| 7.4 | Geschlechtsunterschiede im Kulturvergleich | 352 |
| 7.4.1 | Geschlechtsstereotype im Kulturvergleich | 353 |
| 7.4.2 | Kognitive Geschlechtsunterschiede im Kulturvergleich | 354 |
| 7.4.3 | Soziale Geschlechtsunterschiede im Kulturvergleich | 354 |
| 7.5 | Erklärungsansätze für psychologische Geschlechtsunterschiede | 356 |
| 7.5.1 | Psychoanalytische Erklärungsansätze | 356 |
| 7.5.2 | Lerntheoretische Erklärungsansätze | 357 |
| 7.5.3 | Kognitive Erklärungsansätze | 360 |
| 7.5.4 | Kulturpsychologische Erklärungsansätze | 361 |
| 7.5.5 | Evolutionspsychologische Erklärungsansätze | 362 |
| 7.5.6 | Ein integratives Modell für Geschlechtsunterschiede | 366 |
| 7.6 | Koedukation oder Geschlechtertrennung? | 367 |
| 7.7 | Zusammenfassung | 369 |
| 8 | Persönlichkeit im Kulturvergleich | 371 |
| 8.1 | Persönlichkeitsunterschiede und Populationsunterschiede | 372 |
| 8.2 | Ökologie, Genpool, Kultur und Persönlichkeit | 375 |
| 8.3 | Ökologische Einflüsse | 378 |
| 8.4 | Genetische Einflüsse | 381 |
| 8.4.1 | Entstehung menschlicher Populationen | 381 |
| 8.4.2 | Rassenunterschiede | 385 |
| 8.5 | Kulturelle Einflüsse | 389 |
| 8.6 | Exemplarische Anwendung: Interkulturelles Training | 398 |
| 8.7 | Zusammenfassung | 399 |
| 9 | Nachwort: Unterschiede sind menschlich | 401 |
| Glossar | 404 | |
| Literatur | 423 | |
| Weitere Informationen | 449 | |
| Stichwortverzeichnis | 450 | |