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Autoren:
Verlag:
Teubner B.G. Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
1 | Windenergieanlagen | 1 |
1.1 | Anlagenstrukturen | 1 |
1.2 | Rückblick in die Historie | 4 |
1.3 | Meilensteine der Entwicklung | 4 |
1.4 | Funktionsstrukturen von Windkraftanlagen | 20 |
2 | System zur Windenergiewandlung | 25 |
2.1 | Antriebsmoment und Leistung am Windrad | 25 |
2.1.1 | Ein-und Ausgangsgrößen einer Windturbine | 25 |
2.1.2 | Leistungsentnahme aus der Luftströmung | 26 |
2.1.3 | Leistungs-bzw. Antriebsmomentbestimmung nach der Blattelementmethode | 28 |
2.1.4 | Vereinfachung des Rechenverfahrens | 33 |
2.1.5 | Verfahren zur Nachbildung des Turbinenverhaltens | 37 |
2.2 | Turbinen | 41 |
2.2.1 | Naben-und Turbinenanordnung | 44 |
2.2.2 | Rotorblattgeometrie | 45 |
2.3 | Eingriffe an der Windturbine zur Leistungsregelung | 52 |
2.3.1 | Turbinennachführung | 52 |
2.3.2 | Rotorblattverstellung | 61 |
2.3.3 | Leistungsbegrenzung durch Stallbetrieb | 93 |
2.3.4 | Leistungsanpassung durch Drehzahleinstellung | 98 |
2.4 | Mechanischer Triebstrang | 100 |
2.5 | Systemdaten von Windkraftanlagen | 106 |
2.5.1 | Turbinen-und Triebstrangdaten | 106 |
2.5.2 | Anlagen- und Turmmasse | 108 |
2.5.3 | Anlagenkosten | 113 |
3 | Mechanisch-elektrische Energiewandlung durch Generatoren | 115 |
3.1 | Randbedingungen und Anforderungen zum Generatoreinsatz | 115 |
3.2 | Energiewandlersy steme | 117 |
3.2.1 | Aufbau der Asynchronmaschine | 120 |
3.2.2 | Aufbau der Synchronmaschine | 121 |
3.3 | Betriebsbereiche von Asynchron- und Synchrongeneratoren | 123 |
3.4 | Stationäre und dynamische Drehmomente | 128 |
3.4.1 | Stationäre Drehmomente | 129 |
3.4.2 | Dynamische Drehmomente | 144 |
3.5 | Nachbildung von Generatoren | 152 |
3.5.1 | Synchronmaschinen | 153 |
3.5.2 | Asynchronmaschinen | 157 |
3.6 | Auslegungsaspekte | 159 |
3.6.1 | Asynchrongeneratoren | 159 |
3.6.2 | Synchrongeneratoren für getriebelose Anlagen | 174 |
3.7 | Maschinendaten | 188 |
3.7.1 | Masse-und Kostenrelationen | 188 |
3.7.2 | Kennwerte von Asynchronmaschinen | 191 |
3.7.3 | Kennwerte von Synchronmaschinen | 191 |
4 | Elektrische Energieübergabe an Versorgungsnetze | 197 |
4.1 | Energieaufbereitung und Netzanbindung | 197 |
4.1.1 | Umrichtersysteme | 199 |
4.1.2 | Leistungshalbleiter für Umrichter | 202 |
4.1.3 | Funktionsmerkmale von Stromrichtern | 205 |
4.1.4 | Umrichterkonzeption | 210 |
4.1.5 | Zwischenkreisumrichter | 211 |
4.1.6 | Elektromagnetische Verträglichkeit (EMV) | 224 |
4.1.7 | Schutzmaßnahmen bei der Energieaufbereitung | 226 |
4.2 | Netzschutz | 227 |
4.2.1 | Sicherungen und Netztrennung | 228 |
4.2.2 | Kurzschlussleistung | 228 |
4.2.3 | Erhöhung der Kurzschlussleistung | 231 |
4.2.4 | Isolierter Betrieb und Kurzunterbrechungen | 234 |
4.2.5 | Überspannungen bei Netzfehlern | 236 |
4.3 | Netzeinwirkungen | 237 |
4.3.1 | Allgemeine Verträglichkeit und Störungen | 237 |
4.3.2 | Leistungsverhalten von Windkraftanlagen | 237 |
4.3.3 | Spannungsverhalten bei Netzeinspeisung | 251 |
4.3.4 | Oberschwingungen und Zwischenharmonische | 262 |
4.4 | Resonanzerscheinungen im Netzsystem bei Normalbetrieb | 272 |
4.5 | Abhilfemaßnahmen gegen Netzeinwirkungen | 277 |
4.5.1 | Filter | 278 |
4.5.2 | Filterauslegung | 280 |
4.5.3 | Wirkung von Saugkreisfiltern und Kompensationsanlagen | 281 |
4.5.4 | Netzspezifische Filterauslegung | 281 |
4.5.5 | Nutzung von Ausgleichseffekten | 285 |
4.6 | Netzregelung und Netzstützung | 288 |
4.6.1 | Einspeisung von Windkraftanlagen | 289 |
4.6.2 Netzstützung und Netzregelung mit Windkraftanlagen und anderen regenerati- | ||
ven Systemen | 290 | |
4.7 | Netzanschlussregeln | 296 |
4.8 | Netzanschluss im Offshore-Bereich | 301 |
4.8.1 | Offshore-Windpark-Eigenschaften | 301 |
4.8.2 | Stationäres und dynamisches Verhalten von Offshore-Windparks | 303 |
4.8.3 | Windpark- und Cluster-Bildung im Meer und Netzanbindung | 303 |
4.8.4 | Elektrische Energieübertragung zum Festland | 307 |
4.9 | Integration der Windenergie in das Verbundnetz und Energiebereitstellung | 310 |
4.9.1 | Netzausbau | 310 |
4.9.2 | Energiebereitstellung | 311 |
4.9.3 | Regel-und Reserveleistung | 313 |
4.9.4 | Interkontinentale Netzverbindung | 315 |
5 | Regelung und Führung von Windkraftanlagen | 317 |
5.1 | Systemanforderungen und Betriebsarten | 318 |
5.2 | Inselbetrieb von Windkraftanlagen | 320 |
5.2.1 | Anlagen ohne Blattverstelleinrichtung | 322 |
5.2.2 | Anlagen mit BlattverStelleinrichtung | 322 |
5.2.3 | Anlagen mit Verbrauchersteuerung | 324 |
5.2.4 | Anlagenregelung über Bypass | 325 |
5.3 | Netzbetrieb von Windkraftanlagen | 325 |
5.4 | Regelungskonzeptionen | 330 |
5.4.1 | Regelung im Inselbetrieb | 330 |
5.4.2 | Regelung drehzahlvariabel betriebener Anlagen | 335 |
5.4.3 | Regelung schlupfvariabel betriebener Asynchrongeneratoren | 336 |
5.4.4 | Regelung netzstarr betriebener Anlagen | 351 |
5.5 | Reglerauslegung | 351 |
5.5.1 | Verstellvorgänge und Torsionsmomente an den Rotorblättern | 355 |
5.5.2 | Normierung und Linearisierung der Größen | 358 |
5.5.3 | Regelkreise und die vereinfachte Dimensionierung | 363 |
5.5.4 | Verbesserung der Regeleigenschaften | 367 |
5.6 | Betriebsführung | 374 |
5.6.1 | Betriebszustände | 374 |
5.6.2 | Störfälle | 385 |
5.6.3 | Zustandserfassung der Systemkomponenten | 386 |
5.7 | Überwachungs- und Sicherheitssysteme | 387 |
5.7.1 | Windmesseinrichtung | 387 |
5.7.2 | Schwingungsüberwachung | 387 |
5.7.3 | Netzüberwachung und Blitzschutz | 388 |
5.7.4 | Überwachungsrechner | 388 |
5.7.5 | Fehlerfrüherkennung | 390 |
6 | Nutzung der Windenergie | 393 |
6.1 | Windverhältnisse und Energieerträge | 393 |
6.1.1 | Globale Windverhältnisse | 393 |
6.1.2 | Lokale Windverhältnisse und Jahreswindenergieangebot | 394 |
6.1.3 | Berechnung von Anlagenerträgen | 397 |
6.1.4 | Wind-Atlas-Methode | 402 |
6.2 | Potenziale und Ausbau | 405 |
6.2.1 | Windenergienutzung an Land | 407 |
6.2.2 | Offshore-Windenergienutzung | 409 |
6.2.3 | Repowering | 411 |
6.3 | Wirtschaftlichkeitsbetrachtungen | 413 |
6.3.1 | Anschaffungs-und Unterhaltskosten | 414 |
6.3.2 | Energieeinspeisung und monetäre Erträge | 416 |
6.3.3 | Stromgestehungskosten | 417 |
6.3.4 | Betriebswirtschaftliche Berechnungsmethoden | 418 |
6.3.5 | Berücksichtigung externer Kosten | 422 |
6.4 | Rechtliche Aspekte und Errichtung von Windkraftanlagen | 423 |
6.4.1 | Immissions schütz | 423 |
6.4.2 | Natur- und Landschaftsschutz | 426 |
6.4.3 | Baurecht | 428 |
6.4.4 | Planung und Genehmigung | 429 |
6.4.5 | Vorgehen zur Errichtung von Windkraftanlagen | 430 |
6.4.6 | Offshore-Nutzung der Windenergie | 430 |
6.5 | Ökobilanz | 434 |
Anhang | 437 | |
Literaturverzeichnis | 439 | |
Verzeichnis der verwendeten Formelzeichen | 465 | |
Stichwortverzeichnis | 473 | |