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Autoren:
Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
Zu den Autoren | XIII | |
Teil I Basiskompetenzen | ||
1 | Bevor es losgeht: Sicherheit und Umsicht | 3 |
1.1 | Verantwortung im Labor | 4 |
1.2 | Grundsätze für die Laborsicherheit | 5 |
1.3 | Der Arbeitsplatz im Labor | 7 |
1.4 | Besondere Sicherheitshinweise | 8 |
1.5 | Gefahrstoffe und Gefahrgut | 11 |
1.6 | Die H-, P-, R- und S-Sätze | 12 |
1.7 | Umweltaspekte und Entsorgung | 14 |
1.8 | Relevante Gesetze und Verordnungen | 15 |
2 | Chemikalien: Stoffe, Elemente, Verbindungen | 19 |
2.1 | Elemente, Gemische, Verbindungen | 20 |
2.2 | Basen, Säuren und Salze | 21 |
2.3 | Alkane als Basismoleküle | 24 |
2.4 | Benennung von Kohlenwasserstoffen und ihren Derivaten | 26 |
2.5 | Funktionelle Gruppen schaffen Vielfalt | 28 |
2.6 | Reinheits- und Qualitätsbezeichnungen | 34 |
3 | Werkstoffe, Geräte, Apparaturen | 35 |
3.1 | Werkstoffe | 35 |
3.2 | Geräte | 38 |
3.3 | Verbindungen schaffen | 45 |
4 | Einheiten, Maße und Zahlen | 49 |
4.1 | Teile und Vielfache von Einheiten | 52 |
4.2 | Einheiten und Zahlen erfordern besondere Schreibweisen | 55 |
5 | Protokollieren und Dokumentieren | 59 |
5.1 | Labordokumente | 63 |
5.2 | Grafiken | 63 |
5.3 | Tabellen | 66 |
5.4 | Formeln und Versuchsgeräte zeichnen | 68 |
Teil II Quantifizieren | ||
6 | Stoffe wägen | 75 |
7 | Volumina bemessen | 79 |
7.1 | Laborgeräte zur Volumenmessung | 80 |
7.2 | Gefäßkennzeichnung | 81 |
7.3 | Mit Pipetten kompetent umgehen | 83 |
7.4 | Auch Spritzen sind besondere Messgefäße | 88 |
7.5 | Messkolben | 90 |
7.6 | Büretten | 91 |
7.7 | Reinigen von Glasgefäßen | 93 |
8 | Temperatur und Temperieren | 95 |
8.1 | Thermometer | 97 |
8.2 | Erwärmen und Erhitzen | 100 |
8.3 | Kühlen | 102 |
9 | pH-Wert und Titrimetrie | 105 |
9.1 | Berechnung des pH-Wertes | 107 |
9.2 | Puffer-Systeme | 107 |
9.3 | Bestimmung des pH-Wertes mit Indikatoren | 109 |
9.4 | Potenziometrie: Messung des pH-Wertes mit der Glaselektrode | 111 |
9.5 | Titrimetrie | 113 |
10 | Dichte und Konzentration bestimmen | 117 |
10.1 | Dichtebestimmung mit dem Aräometer | 118 |
10.2 | Polarimetrie | 119 |
11 | Mit Gasen arbeiten | 121 |
11.1 | Farbkennzeichnung von Gasflaschen | 122 |
11.2 | Sicherheitsaspekte beim Umgang mit Gasen | 124 |
11.3 | Mit Gasen rechnen | 128 |
11.4 | Arbeiten unter reduziertem Druck | 129 |
Teil III Lösen, Mischen, Trennen | ||
12 | Lösungen, Stoffmengen und Konzentrationen | 135 |
12.1 | Kolligative Eigenschaften | 135 |
12.2 | Solvatation | 136 |
12.3 | Lösemittelklassen | 137 |
12.4 | Mengen- und Konzentrations angaben | 143 |
12.5 | Das Avogadro'sche Gesetz | 152 |
12.6 | Errechnen von Anteilen und Konzentrationen | 153 |
13 | Stoffe trennen | 159 |
13.1 | Fällung | 159 |
13.2 | Filtration | 162 |
13.3 | Destillation | 164 |
13.4 | Schütteltrennung | 165 |
14 | Zentrifugieren | 167 |
14.1 | Rotoren und Zentrifugen | 168 |
14.2 | Zentrifugationsverfahren | 169 |
15 | Chromatographie und Elektrophorese | 173 |
15.1 | Dünnschichtchromatographie trennt niedermolekulare Substanzen | 173 |
15.2 | Papierchromatographie | 176 |
15.3 | Grundzüge der Säulenchromatographie | 178 |
15.4 | Ionenaustauschchromatographie | 178 |
15.5 | Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) | 179 |
15.6 | Elektrophorese nieder-und hochmolekularer Verbindungen | 181 |
Teil IV Weitere Basistechniken | ||
16 | Mikroskopieren | 189 |
16.1 | Funktionsteile eines Mikroskops | 190 |
16.2 | Arbeitsplatzausstattung | 191 |
16.3 | Vom Präparat zur Beobachtung | 193 |
16.4 | Köhler sehe Beleuchtung | 195 |
16.5 | Frisch- vs. Dauerpräparat | 196 |
16.6 | Spezielle Beleuchtungsverfahren für spezielle Zwecke | 200 |
16.7 | Dokumentation | 202 |
16.8 | Instrumentenpflege | 202 |
17 | Photo- und Spektrometrieren | 205 |
17.1 | Spektroskopie und Photometrie | 206 |
17.2 | Szintillations-Spektrometrie | 209 |
18 | Proben trocknen | 211 |
18.1 | Einfache Trocknungsverfahren | 211 |
18.2 | Gefriertrocknung | 214 |
19 | Sterilisation und steriles Arbeiten | 217 |
19.1 | Wichtige Sterilisationsverfahren | 219 |
19.2 | Sterilisation durch Erhitzen | 219 |
19.3 | Sterilisation mit chemischen Mitteln | 220 |
19.4 | Sterilisation durch Strahlen | 221 |
19.5 | Sterilfiltration | 222 |
19.6 | Steriles Arbeiten | 223 |
20 | Tabellen, Farbtafeln und Übersichten | 225 |
Literatur | 251 | |
Sachverzeichnis | 253 | |