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Autoren:
Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
Zu den Autoren | XIII | |
Teil I Basiskompetenzen | ||
1 | Bevor es losgeht: Sicherheit und Umsicht | 3 |
1.1 | Verantwortung im Labor | 4 |
1.2 | Grundsätze für die Laborsicherheit | 5 |
1.3 | Der Arbeitsplatz im Labor | 7 |
1.4 | Besondere Sicherheitshinweise | 8 |
1.5 | Gefahrstoffe und Gefahrgut | 11 |
1.6 | Die H-, P-, R- und S-Sätze | 12 |
1.7 | Umweltaspekte und Entsorgung | 14 |
1.8 | Relevante Gesetze und Verordnungen | 15 |
2 | Chemikalien: Stoffe, Elemente, Verbindungen | 19 |
2.1 | Elemente, Gemische, Verbindungen | 20 |
2.2 | Basen, Säuren und Salze | 21 |
2.3 | Alkane als Basismoleküle | 24 |
2.4 | Benennung von Kohlenwasserstoffen und ihren Derivaten | 26 |
2.5 | Funktionelle Gruppen schaffen Vielfalt | 28 |
2.6 | Reinheits- und Qualitätsbezeichnungen | 34 |
3 | Werkstoffe, Geräte, Apparaturen | 35 |
3.1 | Werkstoffe | 35 |
3.2 | Geräte | 38 |
3.3 | Verbindungen schaffen | 45 |
4 | Einheiten, Maße und Zahlen | 49 |
4.1 | Teile und Vielfache von Einheiten | 52 |
4.2 | Einheiten und Zahlen erfordern besondere Schreibweisen | 55 |
5 | Protokollieren und Dokumentieren | 59 |
5.1 | Labordokumente | 63 |
5.2 | Grafiken | 63 |
5.3 | Tabellen | 66 |
5.4 | Formeln und Versuchsgeräte zeichnen | 68 |
Teil II Quantifizieren | ||
6 | Stoffe wägen | 75 |
7 | Volumina bemessen | 79 |
7.1 | Laborgeräte zur Volumenmessung | 80 |
7.2 | Gefäßkennzeichnung | 81 |
7.3 | Mit Pipetten kompetent umgehen | 83 |
7.4 | Auch Spritzen sind besondere Messgefäße | 88 |
7.5 | Messkolben | 90 |
7.6 | Büretten | 91 |
7.7 | Reinigen von Glasgefäßen | 93 |
8 | Temperatur und Temperieren | 95 |
8.1 | Thermometer | 97 |
8.2 | Erwärmen und Erhitzen | 100 |
8.3 | Kühlen | 102 |
9 | pH-Wert und Titrimetrie | 105 |
9.1 | Berechnung des pH-Wertes | 107 |
9.2 | Puffer-Systeme | 107 |
9.3 | Bestimmung des pH-Wertes mit Indikatoren | 109 |
9.4 | Potenziometrie: Messung des pH-Wertes mit der Glaselektrode | 111 |
9.5 | Titrimetrie | 113 |
10 | Dichte und Konzentration bestimmen | 117 |
10.1 | Dichtebestimmung mit dem Aräometer | 118 |
10.2 | Polarimetrie | 119 |
11 | Mit Gasen arbeiten | 121 |
11.1 | Farbkennzeichnung von Gasflaschen | 122 |
11.2 | Sicherheitsaspekte beim Umgang mit Gasen | 124 |
11.3 | Mit Gasen rechnen | 128 |
11.4 | Arbeiten unter reduziertem Druck | 129 |
Teil III Lösen, Mischen, Trennen | ||
12 | Lösungen, Stoffmengen und Konzentrationen | 135 |
12.1 | Kolligative Eigenschaften | 135 |
12.2 | Solvatation | 136 |
12.3 | Lösemittelklassen | 137 |
12.4 | Mengen- und Konzentrations angaben | 143 |
12.5 | Das Avogadro'sche Gesetz | 152 |
12.6 | Errechnen von Anteilen und Konzentrationen | 153 |
13 | Stoffe trennen | 159 |
13.1 | Fällung | 159 |
13.2 | Filtration | 162 |
13.3 | Destillation | 164 |
13.4 | Schütteltrennung | 165 |
14 | Zentrifugieren | 167 |
14.1 | Rotoren und Zentrifugen | 168 |
14.2 | Zentrifugationsverfahren | 169 |
15 | Chromatographie und Elektrophorese | 173 |
15.1 | Dünnschichtchromatographie trennt niedermolekulare Substanzen | 173 |
15.2 | Papierchromatographie | 176 |
15.3 | Grundzüge der Säulenchromatographie | 178 |
15.4 | Ionenaustauschchromatographie | 178 |
15.5 | Hochleistungs-Flüssigkeitschromatographie (HPLC) | 179 |
15.6 | Elektrophorese nieder-und hochmolekularer Verbindungen | 181 |
Teil IV Weitere Basistechniken | ||
16 | Mikroskopieren | 189 |
16.1 | Funktionsteile eines Mikroskops | 190 |
16.2 | Arbeitsplatzausstattung | 191 |
16.3 | Vom Präparat zur Beobachtung | 193 |
16.4 | Köhler sehe Beleuchtung | 195 |
16.5 | Frisch- vs. Dauerpräparat | 196 |
16.6 | Spezielle Beleuchtungsverfahren für spezielle Zwecke | 200 |
16.7 | Dokumentation | 202 |
16.8 | Instrumentenpflege | 202 |
17 | Photo- und Spektrometrieren | 205 |
17.1 | Spektroskopie und Photometrie | 206 |
17.2 | Szintillations-Spektrometrie | 209 |
18 | Proben trocknen | 211 |
18.1 | Einfache Trocknungsverfahren | 211 |
18.2 | Gefriertrocknung | 214 |
19 | Sterilisation und steriles Arbeiten | 217 |
19.1 | Wichtige Sterilisationsverfahren | 219 |
19.2 | Sterilisation durch Erhitzen | 219 |
19.3 | Sterilisation mit chemischen Mitteln | 220 |
19.4 | Sterilisation durch Strahlen | 221 |
19.5 | Sterilfiltration | 222 |
19.6 | Steriles Arbeiten | 223 |
20 | Tabellen, Farbtafeln und Übersichten | 225 |
Literatur | 251 | |
Sachverzeichnis | 253 | |
Sachverzeichnis
3-D-Darstellung, 66
A
Abbe sehe Formel, 189
Abdampfen, 161, 212
Abdampfschale, 43
Abdichten, 46
Abflammen, 219, 220
Abgeglichenes Objektiv, 194
Abgeleitete Einheit, 52
Abiaufzeit, 86
Ableitelektrode, 112
Ablesedurchmesser, 80
Ableseskala, 118
Absorption, 207, 208
Absorptionsspektrum, 205
Absperrventil, 125
Absteigende Papierchromatographie, 177
Abtastebene, 63
Abtötungszeit, 220
Abwiegen, 75
Achsenteilung, 65
Acrylamid, 182
Acyl-Rest, 32
Adhäsion, 81
Adsorbens, 178,179
Adsorptionschromatographie, 174
Aerosol, 20, 160
Agarose-Gel, 181
Aktivkohlefilter, 140
Akutes Gefahrenpotenzial, 5
Alchimie, 19
Aldehyd, 31
Alkan, 24, 25
Alken, 27
Alkin, 27
Alkohol, 29
Alkyl-Rest, 25
Allergen, 11
Allgemeine Gasgleichung, 121
Allgemeine Kennzeichnung für Gase, 243
Allgemeiner Gefahrenhinweis, 242
Analysator, 120
Analysenwaage, 76
Analytische Sauberkeit, 217
Anorganisches Lösemittel, 137
Aperturblende, 191
Aperturblendenring, 190
Apochromat, 191
Apolares Lösemittel, 137
Apothekerwaage, 76
Aqua demin., 140
Aqua destillata, 140
Aquadest, 140
Äquivalent, 146
Äquivalentkonzentration, 106, 113, 143,
146-148
Äquivalenzpunkt, 115
Aräometer, 118
Arbeitsdruckmanometer, 125
Arbeitsplatz, 5
Arbeitsplatzausstattung, 191
Archimedisches Prinzip, 118
Aren, 27, 29
Aren-carbonmonosäure, 33
Arin, 27
Aromat, 29
Aromatischer Heterozyklus, 28
Asepsis, 218
Aspirieren, 88
Atemgas, 121
Atemschutz, 36, 77
Sachverzeichnis