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Artikel werden geladen
Autoren:
Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
| 1 | Was bitte ist denn »Molekularbiologie«? | 1 |
| 1.1 | Das Substrat der Molekularbiologie, oder: Molli-World für Anfänger | 2 |
| 1.2 | Was brauche ich zum Arbeiten? | 7 |
| 1.3 | Sicherheit im Labor | 9 |
| Literatur | 11 | |
| 2 | Einige grundlegende Methoden | 13 |
| 2.1 | Nucleinsäure ist gleich Nucleinsäure und auch wieder nicht | 15 |
| 2.2 | Methoden zur DNA-Präparation | 16 |
| 2.2.1 | Bakterienmedien | 17 |
| 2.2.2 | Präparation von Plasmid-DNA | 17 |
| 2.2.3 | Minipräparation | 18 |
| 2.2.4 | Maxipräparation | 20 |
| 2.2.5 | Präparation von Phagen-DNA | 22 |
| 2.2.6 | Präparation einzelsträngiger DNA mittels Helferphagen | 25 |
| 2.2.7 | Präparation von genomischer DNA | 26 |
| 2.3 | Die Reinigung von Nucleinsäuren | 27 |
| 2.3.1 | Phenol-Chloroform-Extraktion | 27 |
| 2.3.2 | Anionenaustauschersäulen | 29 |
| 2.3.3 | Glasmilch/Silikat-Membranen | 31 |
| 2.3.4 | Cäsiumchlorid-Dichtegradient | 32 |
| 2.3.5 | Fällung mit PEG | 33 |
| 2.3.6 | Dialyse | 34 |
| 2.3.7 | Magnetic beads | 34 |
| 2.3.8 | Proteinbindende Filtermembranen | 35 |
| 2.3.9 | Alkoholfällung | 35 |
| 2.3.10 | Konzentratoren | 36 |
| 2.3.11 | Exonuclease-Phosphatase-Verdau | 36 |
| 2.4 | Konzentrieren von Nucleinsäuren | 36 |
| 2.4.1 | Alkoholfällung | 36 |
| 2.4.2 | Konzentratoren | 39 |
| 2.4.3 | SpeedVac | 40 |
| 2.4.4 | »Aussalzen« | 40 |
| 2.5 | Konzentrationsbestimmung von Nucleinsäurelösungen | 40 |
| 2.5.1 | OD-Messung mittels Absorptionsspektrometrie | 40 |
| 2.5.2 | Konzentrationsbestimmung mittels Agarosegel | 42 |
| 2.5.3 | Dot-Quantifizierung | 42 |
| 2.5.4 | Fluorometrische Bestimmung | 43 |
| 2.5.5 | Nucleinsäure-Messstäbchen | 43 |
| 2.5.6 | Enzymatischer Nachweis | 44 |
| Literatur | 44 | |
| Inhaltsverzeichnis | ||
| 3 | Das Werkzeug | 47 |
| 3.1 | Restriktionsenzyme | 43 |
| 3.1.1 | Der Aktivitätstest, oder: Was ist eine Einheit und wie viel bekomme ich für mein Geld? | 51 |
| 3.1.2 | Wie macht man einen Restriktionsverdau? | 52 |
| 3.1.3 | Schwierigkeiten beim Restriktionsverdau | 54 |
| 3.1.4 | Nachschlagewerke zum Thema Restriktionsverdau | 58 |
| 3.1.5 | Neuere Entwicklungen | 53 |
| 32 | Gele | 53 |
| 3.2.1 | Agarosegele | 53 |
| 3.2.2 | DNA-Fragmente aus Agarosegelen isolieren | 65 |
| 3.2.3 | Polyacrylamidgele (PA-Gele) | 69 |
| 3.2.4 | DNA-Fragmente aus PA-Gelen isolieren | 71 |
| 3.2.5 | Pulsfeldgelelektrophorese (PFGE) | 71 |
| 3.2.6 | Kapillarelektrophorese | 72 |
| 3.2.7 | Mikrochip-Kapillarelektrophorese | 72 |
| 3.3 Blotten................................ | ||
| 3.3.1 | Southern Blot | 73 |
| 3.3.2 | Northern Blot | 76 |
| 3.3.3 | Dot und Slot Blot | 77 |
| Literatur | 79 | |
| 4 | Die Polymerase-Kettenreaktion (PCR) | 81 |
| 4.1 | Die Standard-PCR | 82 |
| 4.2 | Neue Entwicklungen | 92 |
| 4.3 | Tipps zur Verbesserung der PCR | 93 |
| 4.3.1 | NestedPCR | 95 |
| 4.3.2 | Multiplex PCR | 95 |
| 4.3.3 | Amplifikation langer DNA-Fragmente (> 5 kb) | 96 |
| 4.4 | PCR-Anwendungen | 97 |
| 4.4.1 | Reverse Transkription - Polymerasekettenreaktion (RT-PCR) | 97 |
| 4.4.2 | Rapid Amplification ofcDNA Ends (RACE) | 97 |
| 4.4.3 | Amplifikation zufälliger Produkte | 98 |
| 4.4.4 | Klassische quantitative PCR | 101 |
| 4.4.5 | Real-time quantitative PCR | 103 |
| 4.4.6 | Inverse PCR | 108 |
| 4.4.7 | Biotin-RAGE und Supported PCR | 108 |
| 4.4.8 | Mutagenese mit modifizierten Primern | 109 |
| 4.4.9 | Amplification Refractory Mutation System (ARMS) | 110 |
| 4.4.10 | in-situ-PCR | 110 |
| 4.4.11 | Cycle sequencing | 111 |
| 4.4.12 | cDNA-Synthese | 111 |
| 4.4.13 | Einzelzell-PCR | 112 |
| Literatur | 113 | |
| 5 | RNA | 115 |
| 5.1 | Wie inaktiviert man RNasen? | 116 |
| 5.2 | Methoden der RNA-Isolierung | 117 |
| 5.2.1 | Single step-Methoöe | 117 |
| 5.2.2 | Lyse mit Nonidet P-40 | 118 |
| 5.2.3 | Allgemeines | 118 |
| 5.2.4 | Konzentrationsbestimmung bei RNA | 118 |
| 5.3 | Methoden der mRNA-lsolierung | 119 |
| 5.3.1 | RNA kaufen | 120 |
| 5.4 | Reverse Transkription (cDNA-Synthese) | 120 |
| 5.5 | /n-v/fro-Transkription (RNA-Synthese) | 121 |
| 5.6 | Serial Analysis of Gene Expression {SAGE) | 122 |
| 5.7 | RNA-Interferenz (RNAi) | 127 |
| Literatur | 181 | |
| 6 | Die Klonierung von DNA-Fragmenten | 133 |
| 6.1 | Die Grundlagen des Klonierens | 134 |
| 6.1.1 | Klonieren von PCR-Produkten | 140 |
| 6.1.2 | Ligation independent cloning (LIC) | 142 |
| 6.1.3 | Klonieren mit Rekombinase-Systemen | 143 |
| 6.2 | Mit welchen Vektoren klonieren? | 146 |
| 6.2.1 | Plasmide | 146 |
| 6.2.2 | Phagen | 149 |
| 6.2.3 | Cosmide | 161 |
| 6.2.4 | PACs und BACs | 151 |
| 6.2.5 | YACs | 152 |
| 6.3 | Welche Bakterien? | 163 |
| 6.4 | Herstellen kompetenter Zellen und Transformation | 153 |
| 6.4.1 | Calciumchlorid-Methode | 164 |
| 6.4.2 | Rubidiumchlorid-Methode | 165 |
| 6.4.3 | TSS-Methode | 165 |
| 6.4.4 | Elektroporation | 165 |
| 6.4.5 | Wie testet man die Kompetenz der Bakterien? | 157 |
| 6.5 | Probleme beim Klonieren | 158 |
| 6.6 | Die Lagerung von Klonen | 159 |
| Literatur.................................16° | ||
| 7 | Wie man DNA aufspürt | 163 |
| 7.1 | Herstellung von Sonden | 164 |
| 7.1.1 | Methoden zur Herstellung markierter Sonden | 165 |
| 7.2 | Hybridisierung | 169 |
| 7.2.1 | Der Hybridisierungspuffer | 169 |
| 7.2.2 | Die Hybridisierungsgefäße | 169 |
| 7.2.3 | Die Hybridisierungstemperatur | 170 |
| 7.2.4 | Waschen | 170 |
| 7.3 | Nachweis der markierten DNA | 171 |
| 7.3.1 | Autoradiographic | 171 |
| Inhaltsverzeichnis | ||
| 7.3.2 | Nicht-radioaktive Nachweismethoden | 172 |
| 7.4 | Screenen von rekombinanten DNA-Banken | 175 |
| 7.4.1 | Ausplattieren der Bank | 175 |
| 7.4.2 | Filter ziehen | 175 |
| 7.4.3 | Filter hybridisieren | 176 |
| 7.4.4 | Filter exponieren | 177 |
| 7.4.5 | Klon ausfindig machen | 177 |
| 7.4.6 | Bankenscreenen in der Zukunft | 178 |
| 7.5 | Two-Hybrid-System | 178 |
| 7.6 | Phage Display | 181 |
| Literatur | 182 | |
| 8 | DNA-Analyse | 183 |
| 8.1 | Sequenzierung | 184 |
| 8.1.1 | Radioaktive Sequenzierung | 185 |
| 8.1.2 | Nicht-radioaktive Sequenzierung und automatische Sequenziergeräte | 188 |
| 8.1.3 | Schrotschuss-Sequenzierung | 189 |
| 8.1.4 | Kurioses zum Thema Sequenzieren: Octamere | 190 |
| 8.1.5 | Minisequenzierung | 190 |
| 8.1.6 | Pyrosequenzierung zum Ersten | 191 |
| 8.1.7 | Pyrosequenzierung zum Zweiten | 193 |
| 8.1.8 | Weitere Methoden der Massen-Parallelsequenzierung | 194 |
| 8.1.9 | Die Zukunft der Sequenzierung | 199 |
| 8.2 | Methoden zur Analyse von DNA auf Mutationen | 201 |
| 8.2.1 | Restriktionsfragment-Längenpolymorphismus (RFLP) | 201 |
| 8.2.2 | Single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) | 201 |
| 8.2.3 | Denaturierende Gradientengelelektrophorese (DGGE) | 203 |
| 8.2.4 | Temporal temperature gradient electrophoresis (TTGE) | 204 |
| 8.2.5 | Fleteroduplexanalyse (HA) | 205 |
| 8.2.6 | Amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS) | 206 |
| 8.2.7 | Enzymatische Spaltung von Fehlpaarungen {enzyme mismatch cleavage, EMC) | 206 |
| 8.2.8 | Protein truncation test (PTT) | 207 |
| Literatur | 208 | |
| 9 | Untersuchung der Funktion von DNA-Sequenzen | 211 |
| 9.1 | Untersuchung der Transkription in Geweben | 212 |
| 9.1.1 | Ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) | 213 |
| 9.1.2 | Real-time quantitative PCR (RTQ-PCR) | 213 |
| 9.1.3 | /n-s/fu-Hybridisierung | 214 |
| 9.1.4 | Chromosomale Lokalisierung eines Gens (FISH) | 216 |
| 9.1.5 | in-situ-PCR | 217 |
| 9.1.6 | Microarrays | 217 |
| 9.1.7 | Chromatin-lmmunopräzipitation(ChlP) | 223 |
| 9.2 | Mutagenese | 225 |
| 9.2.1 | Techniken der Mutagenese | 227 |
| 9.3 | in-vitro-Translation | 233 |
| 9.4 | Expressionssysteme | 235 |
| 9.4.1 | Bakterielle Expressionssysteme | 235 |
| 9.4.2 | Baculovirus-Expressionssysteme | 236 |
| 9.4.3 | Weitere Expressionssysteme | 237 |
| 9.4.4 | Heterologe Expression in Säugerzellen | 238 |
| 9.4.5 | Transfektionsmethoden | 240 |
| 9.4.6 | Kotransfektion mehrerer Gene | 246 |
| 9.4.7 | Transiente und stabile Transfektionen | 247 |
| 9.4.8 | Reportergene | 248 |
| 9.5 | Transgene Mäuse | 254 |
| 9.5.1 | Methoden des Gentransfers | 255 |
| 9.6 | Regulation der Transgenexpression | 259 |
| 9.6.1 | Das Tet-System | 259 |
| 9.6.2 | Das Ecdyson-System | 261 |
| 9.7 | Gentherapie | 261 |
| 9.8 | Genomik | 263 |
| 9.8.1 | Ausblick | 266 |
| Literatur | 266 | |
| 10 | Tipps für die Karriereplanung | 269 |
| 10.1 | Publikationen .......................... • | 270 |
| 10.2 | Karriere | 272 |
| 10.3 | Die tägliche Arbeit | 275 |
| 11 | Zu guter Letzt | 279 |
| Serviceteil | 283 | |
| Anhang | 284 | |
| Glossar | 288 | |
| Literatur | 292 | |
| Sachverzeichnis | 294 | |