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Artikel werden geladen
Autoren:
Verlag:
Springer-Verlag Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
| 1 | Strahlung und Energie in dem System Atmosphäre/Erdoberfläche | 1 |
| 1.1 | Einige Grundlagen | 2 |
| 1.1.1 | Die Erde als Planet | 2 |
| 1.1.2 | Die Gesetze der thermischen Strahlung | 5 |
| 1.1.3 | Grundlagen der Strahlungsübertragung | 7 |
| 1.1.4 | Die Zusammensetzung der Erdatmosphäre | 14 |
| 1.2 | Die solare Einstrahlung | 19 |
| 1.2.1 | Das globale Bild der Umsätze solarer Strahlung | 19 |
| 1.2.2 | Absorption, Streuung und spektrale Verteilung | 25 |
| 1.3 | Terrestrische Strahlung | 42 |
| 1.3.1 | Das globale Bild; der Treibhauseffekt | 43 |
| 1.3.2 | Emission und Absorption terrestrischer Strahlung | 45 |
| 1.3.3 Strahlungsübertragung, Strahlungsflüsse, | ||
| Strahlungskühlung | 49 | |
| 1.4 | Strahlungs-und Energiebilanzen | 53 |
| 1.4.1 | Die Strahlungsbilanz der Erdoberfläche | 54 |
| 1.4.2 Gesamtbilanz des Systems von Atmosphäre | ||
| und Erdoberfläche | 55 | |
| 1.5 | Temperaturen der bodennahen Luft | 60 |
| Literatur | 63 | |
| 2 | Die vertikale Struktur der Atmosphäre | 65 |
| 2.1 | Die Druckabnahme mit der Höhe | 65 |
| 2.2 | Das vertikale Temperaturprofil der Atmosphäre | 71 |
| 2.2.1 Der trocken-adiabatische Temperaturgradient | ||
| und der Begriff der potentiellen Temperatur | 72 | |
| 2.2.2 | Der feucht-adiabatische Temperaturgradient | 76 |
| 2.2.3 | Temperaturgradienten in der Nähe der Erdoberfläche | 80 |
| 2.2.4 Das atmosphärische Temperaturprofil | ||
| als Ganzes und der damit verbundene | ||
| „Stockwerk"-Aufbau der Atmosphäre | 81 | |
| 2.3 | Schichtungsstabilität | 87 |
| 2.3.1 Einige qualitative Überlegungen zur | ||
| Schichtungsstabilitätund zur Bildung | ||
| von Inversionen | 88 | |
| 2.3.2 Quantitative Formulierung eines | ||
| Stabilitätsmaßes; Brunt-Väisälä-Schwingungen | ||
| und Schwerewellen | 91 | |
| 2.3.3 Effekte bei konvektiv-turbulenter | ||
| Durchmischung und bei kollektiver Hebung | ||
| und Senkung der Luft | 93 | |
| 2.3.4 | Feuchtlabilität und Äquivalenttemperatur | 95 |
| Literatur | 97 | |
| 3 | Atmosphärische Dynamik | 99 |
| 3.1 | Kräfte in der Atmosphäre und die allgemeine Bewegungsgleichung | 99 |
| 3.1.1 Gradient- und Coriolis-Kraft und der | ||
| geostrophische Wind | 100 | |
| 3.1.2 | Bewegung unter dem Einfluß von Reibungskräften | 104 |
| 3.1.3 | Der Einfluß der Schwerkraft; das Geopotential | 109 |
| 3.1.4 | Die allgemeine Bewegungsgleichung | 111 |
| 3.1.5 DieKontinuitätsgleichung; Konvergenzen und | ||
| Divergenzen | 114 | |
| 3.2 | Die Erhaltung der Wirbelstärke („Vorticity") | 117 |
| 3.2.1 | Vorticity und Vorticity-Gleichung | 118 |
| 3.2.2 | Potentielle Vorticity | 122 |
| 3.2.3 Beschleunigung und Windfelder als Folge | ||
| horizontaler Temperaturgefälle. Barotrope und | ||
| barokline Schichtung. Thermischer Wind | 129 | |
| 3.3 Bodenreibung und spezielle Dynamik der bodennahen | ||
| Luftschichten | 135 | |
| Literatur | 141 | |
| 4 | Die atmosphärische Zirkulation | 143 |
| 4.1 | Globale Zirkulationsmuster | 143 |
| 4.2 | Die Zone der Westwinddrift | 148 |
| 4.2.1 | Barotrope und barokline Wellen | 148 |
| 4.2.2 | Fronten | 155 |
| 4.2.3 | Zyklonen und Antizyklonen in der Westwinddriftzone | 159 |
| 4.3 | Weitere Details der globalen Zirkulation | 169 |
| 4.3.1 | Passate, Hadley-Zelle und Subtropenjet | 169 |
| 4.3.2 | Zeitliche und räumliche Variationen der Strömungsmuster | 172 |
| 4.3.3 | El Niño/Southern Oscillations („ENSO") | 178 |
| 4.3.4 Einige Charakteristika der stratosphärischen | ||
| Zirkulation und des Austauschs zwischen | ||
| Stratosphäre und Troposphäre | 185 | |
| 4.4 | Einige Anmerkungen zu kleinräumigen thermischen Zirkulationen | 191 |
| Literatur | 193 | |
| 5 | Niederschlag, Wasserkreislauf, Klimazonen | 195 |
| 5.1 | Mikrophysik der Kondensation und der Niederschlagsbildung | 195 |
| 5.1.1 | Die homogene Kondensation | 197 |
| 5.1.2 | Heterogene Kondensation | 203 |
| 5.1.3 | Die weitere Entwicklung des Niederschlags | 208 |
| 5.2 | Der globale Wasserkreislauf; Niederschlags- und Klimazonen | 219 |
| 5.2.1 | Der Kreislauf von Verdunstung und Niederschlag | 220 |
| 5.2.2 Klimazonenund regionale Verteilung von | ||
| Niederschlag und Verdunstung | 223 | |
| 5.3 Auswaschen atmosphärischer Spurenstoffe durch den | ||
| Niederschlag | 230 | |
| 5.3.1 | Auswaschen von Aerosolpartikeln | 231 |
| 5.3.2 | Auswaschen von Gasen durch den Niederschlag | 236 |
| 5.4 | Grundlagender Hydrometeorologie mit stabilen Isotopen | 242 |
| 5.4.1 | Isotopentrennung bei der Verdunstung | 242 |
| 5.4.2 | Einfache Kondensationsmodelle | 248 |
| 5.4.3 | Stabile Isotope in der Natur | 252 |
| Literatur | 257 | |
| 6 | Diffusion und Turbulenz | 261 |
| 6.1 | Molekulare Diffusion | 262 |
| 6.1.1 Ein- und dreidimensionale Zufallsbewegung | ||
| als Idealtyp einer Diffusion | 263 | |
| 6.1.2 | Diffusive Flüsse skalarer und vektorieller Beimengungen | 270 |
| 6.1.3 | Die Diffusionsgleichung | 275 |
| 6.2 | Grundlagen der Turbulenz | 282 |
| 6.3 | Die Beschreibung der turbulenten Bewegung | 286 |
| 6.3.1 | Energiedichtespektren („power spectra") | 287 |
| 6.3.2 | Autokorrel ationen | 290 |
| 6.3.3 Größenordnung der horizontalen und vertikalen | ||
| Fluktuationen | 293 | |
| 6.4 | Turbulente Diffusion | 296 |
| 6.4.1 Quadratisch gemittelte Verschiebung und das | ||
| Theorem von Taylor | 298 | |
| 6.4.2 Das Konzept der korrelierten Fluktuationen | ||
| als allgemeiner Ansatz für turbulent-diffusive | ||
| Flüsse und die hieraus folgende Transportgleichung | 302 | |
| 6.4.3 | Der Gradientansatz für die turbulente Diffusion | 307 |
| 6.4.4 Die frei diffundierende Beimengungswölke | ||
| und die K ~ a4y/3-Beziehung | 315 | |
| 6.5 | Empirische Bestimmung der Diffusionsparameter | 322 |
| Literatur | 326 | |
| Dynamik der bodennahen Luftschichten; Diffusion und | ||
| Austausch in Bodennähe | 329 | |
| 7.1 Austausch und Dynamik in der Prandtl-Schicht bei | ||
| neutraler Temperaturschichtung | 329 | |
| 7.1.1 | Das logarithmische Windprofil | 330 |
| 7.1.2 | Der Einfluß wechselnder Bodenreibung | 337 |
| 7.2 Austausch und Dynamik in der Prandtl-Schicht bei | ||
| thermisch nichtneutraler Schichtung | 342 | |
| 7.2.1 Kenngrößen zur Parametrisierung | ||
| labilisierender oder stabilisierender Auftriebskräfte | 343 | |
| 7.2.2 | Zusammenhang zwischen Flüssen und Gradienten | 350 |
| 7.2.3 Der Einfluß von Wasserdampf auf die Stabilität | ||
| bzw. Labilität | 355 | |
| 7.2.4 | Freie Konvektion | 358 |
| 7.3 Transport skalarer Beimengungen zur | ||
| Erdoberfläche hin bzw. von der Erdoberfläche weg; | ||
| Transferwiderstände und Transfergeschwindigkeiten | 361 | |
| 7.3.1 | Transferwiderstand und Transfergeschwindigkeit | 362 |
| 7.3.2 | Bulk-Transferkoeffizienten | 368 |
| 7.3.3 Modelle für den Transferwiderstand | ||
| und die Transfergeschwindigkeit skalarer | ||
| Beimengungen in der laminar-viskosen Unterschicht | 370 | |
| 7.3.4 | Gasaustausch zwischen Luft und Wasser | 377 |
| 7.3.5 | Trockene Deposition von Aerosolpartikeln | 382 |
| 7.4 Einige Anmerkungen zum Anschluß an die | ||
| Ekman-Schicht und an die äußere Atmosphäre | 387 | |
| Literatur | 391 | |
| Atmosphärische Spurengase | 393 | |
| 8.1 | Überblick | 395 |
| 8.1.1 | Radikalchemie | 395 |
| 8.1.2 | Heterogene Reaktionen | 397 |
| 8.1.3 Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten und | ||
| atmosphärische Lebensdauer | 398 | |
| 8.2 | Wichtige chemische Reaktionszyklen in der Atmosphäre | 402 |
| 8.2.1 | Ozon in der Stratosphäre | 403 |
| 8.2.2 | Ozon-Produktion und -Verteilung | 403 |
| 8.2.3 | Abbau-Reaktionen | 404 |
| 8.2.4 | Das „Ozon-Loch" | 412 |
| 8.2.5 | Vulkanische Einflüsse auf die Ozonschicht | 418 |
| 8.2.6 | Globale Ozonabnahme | 419 |
| 8.3 | Ozonchemie in der Troposphäre | 422 |
| 8.3.1 | Photochemische Smog-Bildung | 424 |
| 8.3.2 | Oxidationskapazität der Atmosphäre | 427 |
| 8.4 | Kohlendioxid | 428 |
| 8.4.1 | Übersicht | 428 |
| 8.4.2 | Der säkulare C02-Anstieg | 434 |
| 8.4.3 | Kohlendioxid im Ozean | 438 |
| 8.4.4 | Einfluß ozeanischer Karbonatsedimente | 444 |
| 8.5 | Kreisläufe weiterer atmosphärischer Spurengase | 446 |
| 8.5.1 | CH4 und CO | 448 |
| 8.5.2 | Schwefelverbindungen | 451 |
| 8.5.3 | Stickstoffverbindungen | 453 |
| 8.5.4 | Halogenverbindungen | 455 |
| Literatur | 456 | |
| 9 | Aerosole | 463 |
| 9.1 | Entstehung und Lebenslauf atmosphärischer Aerosole | 463 |
| 9.1.1 | Aerosolproduktion: Nukleation und Dispersion | 464 |
| 9.1.2 Lebenslauf troposphärischer Aerosole; | ||
| Größenverteilungen | 473 | |
| 9.1.3 | Globale Aerosolquellen; Häufigkeit chemischer Elemente | 481 |
| 9.2 | Grundzüge der Aerosoldynamik | 486 |
| 9.2.1 | Reibungskräfte | 487 |
| 9.2.2 | Thermische Diffusion und thermische Koagulation | 493 |
| 9.3 | Stratosphärische Aerosole | 502 |
| 9.4 Troposphärische Aerosole und atmosphärischer | ||
| Strahlungshaushalt | 510 | |
| Literatur | 515 | |
| 10 | Klima und Klimaveränderungen | 521 |
| 10.1 | Klimaänderungen in der Vergangenheit | 522 |
| 10.1.1 | Paläoklima | 522 |
| 10.1.2 | Klima seit der Industrialisierung | 532 |
| 10.2 Einfache Kenngrößen zur Beschreibung des | ||
| Klimawandels: Klimaantriebe und Klimasensitivität | 536 | |
| 10.2.1 | Verschiedene Definitionen für das Radiative Forcing | 541 |
| 10.2.2 | Übersicht über verschiedene Klimaantriebe | 545 |
| 10.2.3 Rückkopplungsmechanismen und | ||
| Klimasensitivität | 548 | |
| 10.2.4 Methoden zur Bestimmung der | ||
| Klimaempfindlichkeit | 556 | |
| 10.3 | Klimamodelle | 558 |
| 10.3.1 | Überblick | 558 |
| 10.3.2 Zirkulationsmodelle („general circulation | ||
| models", GCM) | 565 | |
| Literatur | 577 | |
| Sachverzeichnis | 581 | |