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| 1 | Generator Classification | 1 |
| 1.1 | Classification According to the Employed Fuel | 1 |
| 1.2 | Classification Based on Heat Transfer | 4 |
| 1.3 | Classification According to Circulation | 5 |
| 1.4 | Classification According to Water Content | 9 |
| 1.5 | Classification According to Furnace Pressure | 10 |
| 2 | Water-Tube Generators | 13 |
| 2.1 | Convection Generators | 13 |
| 2.2 | Radiation Generators | 17 |
| 2.3 | Waste-Heat Generators | 25 |
| 3 | Components of Water-TYibe Generators | 29 |
| 3.1 | Furnace | 29 |
| 3.2 | Radiated Tube Wall | 33 |
| 3.3 | Drum | 41 |
| 3.4 | Steam-Generating Tube Bank | 47 |
| 3.5 | Tube Bending | 51 |
| 3.6 | Tube Expanding | 56 |
| 3.7 | Superheater and Reheater | 61 |
| 3.8 | Economizer | 70 |
| 3.9 | Air Heater | 75 |
| 3.10 | The Danger of Tube Bursting | 79 |
| 3.11 | Boiler Settings | 81 |
| 4 | Smoke-Tlibe Boilers | 87 |
| 4.1 | Construction Characteristics | 87 |
| 4.2 | Running Characteristics | 94 |
| 4.3 | Rationalization Criteria for Construction | 97 |
| 5 | Diathermic Fluid Boilers | 103 |
| 5.1 | Employed Fluids | 103 |
| 5.2 | Constructive and Functional Characteristics | 104 |
| 5.3 Advantages and Disadvantages in Comparison with Water-Tube | ||
| Boilers | 108 | |
| 6 Fuels .........................................................Ill | ||
| 6.1 Solid Fuels...............................................Ill | ||
| 6.2 | Liquid Fuels | 116 |
| 6.3 | Gaseous Fuels | 124 |
| 7 | Combustion | 129 |
| 7.1 | Burners | 129 |
| 7.2 | Flame Characteristics | 137 |
| 7.3 | Grates | 143 |
| 7.4 | Combustion Chemistry | 145 |
| 7.5 | Combustion Air | 147 |
| 7.6 | Flue Gas | 151 |
| 7.7 | |C02| and Unburned CO | 157 |
| 7.8 | Test of the Air Index During Runtime | 162 |
| 7.9 | Physical Characteristics of Air and Flue Gas | 171 |
| 7.9.1 | Density | 171 |
| 7.9.2 | Specific Isobaric Heat | 172 |
| 7.9.3 | Enthalpy | 177 |
| 7.9.4 | Thermal Conductivity | 179 |
| 7.9.5 | Dynamic Viscosity | 183 |
| 8 | Heat Transfer | 187 |
| 8.1 | General Considerations | 187 |
| 8.2 | Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient | 188 |
| 8.3 | Mean Logarithmic Temperature Difference | 194 |
| 8.4 Heat Transfer in the Furnace of Water-Tube Generators | ||
| and Diathermic Fluid Boilers | 198 | |
| 8.5 | Heat Transfer Coefficient of Water and Steam | 217 |
| 8.6 Heat Transfer Coefficient of Flue Gas and Air Inside the Tubes----225 | ||
| 8.7 | Heat Transfer in the Flue of the Smoke-Tube Boilers | 228 |
| 8.8 | Heat-Transfer Coefficient of Flue Gas and Air Hitting a Tube Bank | 235 |
| 8.9 | Heat Radiation from Flue Gas | 241 |
| 8.10 | Heat Transfer Coefficient of Diathermic Fluids | 250 |
| 8.11 | Heat Transfer in Economizers and Air Heaters | 252 |
| 8.12 | Exit Gas Temperature from a Tube Bank or a Heat Regenerator | 255 |
| 8.13 Comparison Between Arrangement with Inline | ||
| and Staggered Tubes | 263 | |
| 8.14 | Tube Distribution in the Passages of the Smoke-Tube Boiler | 265 |
| 9 | Generator Efficiency | 269 |
| 9.1 | Efficiency Definition | 269 |
| 9.2 | Heat Loss by Unburned Fuel | 276 |
| 9.3 | Heat Loss by Unburned Carbon Monoxide | 277 |
| 9.4 | Loss by Sensible Heat of the Flue Gas | 281 |
| 9.5 | Heat Loss by External Radiation | 284 |
| 9.6 | Miscellaneous Heat Losses | 286 |
| 9.7 | Generator Efficiency Test | 287 |
| 10 | Fluid Dynamics | 291 |
| 10.1 | Distributed Pressure Drops in Tubes and in Ducts | 291 |
| 10.2 | Concentrated Pressure Drops | 307 |
| 10.3 | Pressure Drop Through the Tube Banks | 314 |
| 10.4 | Pressure Drop in Special Equipments | 319 |
| 10.5 | Pumps, Fans, and Chimneys | 320 |
| 10.6 | Natural Circulation | 328 |
| 11 | Optimization Criteria | 351 |
| 11.1 | General Information on Optimization of Convection Generators | 351 |
| 11.2 | External Boiler Optimization | 352 |
| 11.3 | External Optimization of Air Heaters | 360 |
| 11.4 Optimal Distribution of the Surfaces of the Boiler Tube Bank and | ||
| of the Heat Regenerator | 369 | |
| 11.5 | Optimized Sizing of the Waste-Heat Generator | 374 |
| 12 | Computation Examples | 383 |
| 12.1 | General Considerations | 383 |
| 12.2 | Water-Tube Generator | 383 |
| 12.3 | Smoke-Tube Generator | 388 |
| 12.4 | Waste-Heat Generator | 391 |
| 12.5 | Air Heater | 396 |
| 12.6 | Natural Circulation | 398 |
| Appendix | 401 | |
| A. 1 Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchange | ||
| in the Steam-Generating Tube Bank | 401 | |
| A.2 Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchange in both Superheaters | ||
| and Economizers | 404 | |
| A. 3 Accurate Calculation of the Heat Exchange in the Air Heater | 406 | |
| A.4 Finned Tubes | 410 | |
| Bibliography | 419 | |
| Index | 423 | |
