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| Abbreviations | 13 | |
| Symbols Employed in Text Transcriptions | 17 | |
| Dead Sea Scrolls | 17 | |
| Ben Sira (Hebrew) | 17 | |
| Chapter One. Introduction | 19 | |
| Sin, Religious Thought, and the State of Research | 19 | |
| The Source of Sin | 25 | |
| Identity | 26 | |
| Determinism and Free Will | 26 | |
| Definition of Sin | 26 | |
| Rationale and Method of the Present Study | 27 | |
| Texts Included in This Study | 28 | |
| Terminology | 28 | |
| "Sectarian" and "Non-Sectarian" Texts | 29 | |
| Determinism, "Fate," and the Qumran Community | 30 | |
| Authors and Audiences | 30 | |
| Angels and Demons | 30 | |
| The Plan of the Present Study | 31 | |
| Theoretical Concerns | 31 | |
| The Qumran Community | 31 | |
| Reading Gender in Second Temple Works | 32 | |
| Textual Editions and Translations Used | 33 | |
| Part I: The Human Inclination to Sin | 35 | |
| Chapter Two. Nonsectarian Second Temple Prayer and the Inclination to | ||
| Sin | 37 | |
| Desire to Sin .............................................. | ||
| 4QBarkhi Nafshi: Direct Intervention in the Human Condition | ||
| 42 | ||
| The Words of the Luminaries: Divine Assistance | 49 | |
| 4 | QCommunal Confession: God's Responsibility for Sin | 52 |
| Psalms of Solomon: Prayer and the Need for Divine Assistance | 54 | |
| The Road Not Travelled: Prayers without an Inclination to Sin | 55 | |
| Conclusion: Innate Inclination to Sin and Inevitability in Nonsectarian | ||
| Prayer | 57 | |
| Chapter Three. Inclination, Physicality, and Election in Sectarian Prayer | 59 | |
| The Hodayot: The Physical Dimension of Sin | 59 | |
| The "Hymn of Praise": Ongoing Sin and Chosenness | 68 | |
| Sectarian Prayer: Hodayot and the Community Rule Hymn | 71 | |
| Conclusion: Second Temple Prayer and the Innate Inclination to Sin | 72 | |
| Chapter Four. Free Will and the Inclination to Sin in Covenantal Texts | 74 | |
| The Damascus Document (CD) II.14-III.12a: Freedom of Choice and | ||
| the Inclination to Sin | 74 | |
| CD II.14-III.12a: A History of Sinners | 75 | |
| Terminology of Sin and Choice in CD III.2-12a | 78 | |
| Freedom in the Context of Predestination | 82 | |
| The Community Rule: A "Free Choice" Redaction | 84 | |
| The Inclination to Sin in Covenantal Texts | 91 | |
| Chapter Five. The Inclination to Sin in the Book of Ben Sira and the | ||
| Writings of Philo of Alexandria | 93 | |
| The Book of Ben Sira: Textual History | 94 | |
| Ben Sira 15:11-20 | 95 | |
| The Medieval Gloss in Sir 15:14: Rewriting of a Theological | ||
| Argument | 99 | |
| The Meaning of yeser in the Book of Ben Sira | 100 | |
| The Choice between Good and Evil in Sir 15:11-20 | 103 | |
| Sir 33:7-15: Election and the Evildoer | 106 | |
| Other References to the Source of Sin in the Book of Ben Sira | 113 | |
| Sir 25:24: Original Sin or a Wicked Wife? | 113 | |
| Sir 17:31: Pondering Evil | 115 | |
| Sir 21:11: Controlling One's Inclination | 116 | |
| Sir 23:2-6: Prayer and Sin | 117 | |
| Ben Sira's Approach to Sin | 118 | |
| Philo of Alexandria and the Inclination to Sin | 119 | |
| Chapter Six. After the Destruction: 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch | 128 | |
| 4 | Ezra | 128 |
| Inevitable Sinfulness in 4 Ezra | 133 | |
| The Angel and 4 Maccabees | 134 | |
| 2 | Baruch and 4 Ezra | 137 |
| Adam's Sin in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch | 138 | |
| Conclusion: the Choice to Sin in 4 Ezra and 2 Baruch | 141 | |
| Excursus: Inclination to Sin and the Gentile | 144 | |
| Part II: Demonic Influence | 147 | |
| Chapter Seven. Demonic Sin and 1 Enoch | 149 | |
| Genres and Provenance of "Demonic" Texts | 150 | |
| The Watchers Myth and 1 Enoch | 151 | |
| The Watchers in 1 Enoch: The Book of the Watchers (Chapters 1-36) | 154 | |
| 1 | Enoch 6-11 | 155 |
| The Role of Sin in the Three Traditions of 1 Enoch 6-11 | 158 | |
| The Watchers Myth in 1 Enoch 12-16 | 160 | |
| Forbidden Knowledge in 1 Enoch | 163 | |
| 1 | Enoch 19:1-2: Worship of Demons | 166 |
| Summary: Watchers in 1 Enoch | 167 | |
| Chapter Eight. Jubilees and Demonic Sin | 169 | |
| The Book of Jubilees: Textual Background | 169 | |
| The Watchers in Jubilees 4 and 5: Reflection of Genesis 6 and 1 Enoch | ||
| 10 | -11 | 170 |
| Jub. 7: Watchers, the Law, and Human Freedom | 173 | |
| Jub. 10:1-6: Prayer and Human Helplessness | 176 | |
| Mastema: Bringing Demons into the Fold | 179 | |
| Mastema and his Role in the Book of Jubilees | 182 | |
| Summary: Mastema in Jubilees | 186 | |
| Mastema in the Damascus Document | 186 | |
| Belial and the Nations: A Complex View of Sin | 187 | |
| Abram's Prayer: A Complex Demonic Reference in Jub. 1 | 13 | |
| Summary and Conclusion: Jubilees and the Demonic Source of Sin | 195 | |
| Chapter Nine. Apotropaic Prayer and Views of Demonic Influence | 198 | |
| The Watchers in the Dead Sea Scrolls and Sectarian Apotropaic Prayer | 198 | |
| The Watchers and Other Demons of Influence in Sectarian Apotropaic | ||
| Prayer | 199 | |
| Songs of the Sage (4Q510-511) | 201 | |
| 4 | QIncantation (4Q444) | 204 |
| 11 | Qapocryphal Psalms (11Q11) | 206 |
| The Plea for Deliverance and Levi's Prayer in the Aramaic Levi | ||
| Document | 207 | |
| The Plea for Deliverance | 208 | |
| Levi's Prayer in the Aramaic Levi Document | 210 | |
| The Rule of Demons in the Plea and Levi's Prayer | 213 | |
| Comparison of Sectarian and Nonsectarian Apotropaic Prayers | 215 | |
| Chapter Ten. Belial in the Damascus Document and the War Scroll | 218 | |
| Belial in the Damascus Document | 220 | |
| "Angels of Hostility" and Belial in the Apocryphon of Jeremiah | 229 | |
| Summary: Belial in the Damascus Document and the Apocryphon of | ||
| Jeremiah | 231 | |
| Belial in the War Scroll | 232 | |
| Conclusion: Belial in the Damascus Document and the War Scroll | 237 | |
| Chapter Eleven. Belial in Liturgical Curse Texts and the Community Rule | 239 | |
| 4 | QBerakhot: Periodization of Demonic Evil and Evildoers | 239 |
| Belial in the Community Rule: Demonic Presence and Absence in a | ||
| Covenantal Text | 240 | |
| 4 | QCurses (4Q280): An Integrative Approach | 248 |
| 4 | QFlorilegium: A pesher View of Belial | 251 |
| Conclusion: Belial in the Dead Sea Scrolls | 253 | |
| Chapter Twelve. Sin and Its Source in the Treatise of the Two Spirits | 257 | |
| 1 | QS 111.13—18a: Introduction to the Treatise | 258 |
| 1 | QS III.18b-25a: A Central (Secondary?) Crux | 258 |
| The Visions ofAmram | 262 | |
| 1 | QS III.25b-IV.14: The Spirits of Light and Darkness | 264 |
| 1 | QS IV. 15-23: Predestination and the Eschaton | 266 |
| 1 | QS IV.23-26: The Two Spirits and Predestination | 268 |
| The Redacted Treatise | 269 | |
| Sources of the Treatise | 271 | |
| Connection to Wisdom Thought | 273 | |
| Conclusion: "Purpose" of the Treatise | 274 | |
| Chapter Thirteen. Summary and Conclusions | 275 | |
| Genre, Free Will, and the Source of Sin | 275 | |
| Prayer | 275 | |
| Covenantal Texts | 277 | |
| Wisdom and Philosophical Literature | 278 | |
| Demonic Influence and the Periodization of Evil | 278 | |
| Identity | 279 | |
| The Law versus Sin | 280 | |
| Gentiles and Sin | 281 | |
| The Treatise of the Two Spirits and Views of Sin at Qumran | 281 | |
| Adam and "Original Sin" | 281 | |
| Implications for Post-Second Temple Thought | 282 | |
| Bibliography | 284 | |
| Modern Authors Index | 307 | |
| Source Index | 3 | |
| Subject Index | 329 | |
Aaron 109n, 223, 224, 254, 261
Abram/Abraham 78-80, 183,184,185, 190n, 197
Blessing of 184-185,186, 187, 188,
189,192, 196, 197
Prayer of 192-195, 196, 206, 209, 276
Adam 138-143
Sin of; see also Original Sin 23, 123, 128, 138-141,143, 173, 278, 281-282
Amram 55,262-263
"Angel of Darkness" 217, 258n, 259-261,
263, 264, 268,270, 271
"Angel of Hostility"; see also Mastema 186,
190n, 229-231,237, 255
Anthropology, Theological 22
Aristotle 96, 112, 121n 'Asa el 157-158, 164, 166n Atonement 70n, 71,87
Augustine 22,24
Aza 78n, 199n Azael 78n, 199n Azazel 199,247
Belial 28, 31,149, 184n, 186-190, 192, 196, 197,214,218-256, 270, 273, 274, 277, 278, 280, 281,283
Dominion of 189n, 221, 229-231, 240-
241, 242-243, 252, 253, 254, 260, 273, 279
Sons of/Children of 187, 192,218n, 240,
242, 248, 251-252
Traps of 220-226,253
Blood, Consumption of 83-84n, 174-176,
182, 183, 195
bly'l /béliyaal 28, 70n, 192, 218-219, 220n,
221,230, 231,240n bny h 'lhym/béné haélóhim ("sons of God")
77, 151-154, 159,161n, 170, 191
Cain 235-236
Choice; see Free Will/ Freedom of Choice Chrysippus' Cylinder 97n, 102n, 112n Circumcision 43, 45, 49, 87-88, 90,187, 192
Cleanthes 51,56,145n Commandments, Hidden 83, 84
Community Rule, Redaction of 84-90
Covenantal Texts 74-92, 220-226, 240- 248, 255, 277
Approach to Sin 27, 31, 74-92, 244, 255, 277
Definition of 74
Experiential Aspect of 92, 248, 277
Curses, Liturgical 233, 234,239-243, 248,
250, 254, 277
Demons 24, 30, 55, 56, 149, 154n, 166, 176, 177, 180, 181, 185, 186, 189, 190-197,203, 206, 207, 215, 217, 218, 219, 224, 226, 239, 240, 248, 249, 250, 277, 279, 283
Influence of 23, 24, 31, 51, 65,149, 158, 159, 167, 169, 175m, 177-217, 236, 239-252, 268, 275, 277, 278-281
Internalized View of 206, 275-276
Rule of 189-196,213,280,281
Determinism 22n, 25, 26, 30, 64, 67, 69-73, 95, 96, 11 In, 113, 255, 274
And Divine Omniscience 258
In Hellenistic Thought 96-97
In Stoic Thought 96, 97n, 102n, 111 n diaboulion 102-105
Distancing God from Sin 105,119,121,
126, 139, 170, 278
Divination 157, 164, 165
Divine Assistance against Sin 38, 39n, 40, 43, 45, 48, 49, 52, 54, 56, 58, 59, 62, 64, 66-71, 72, 117, 142, 177, 179, 189, 195, 199, 276, 278
Divine Court
And bene 'eldhim 15In Belial as Member of 188, 189, 196, 219
Mastema as Member of 180-181, 192, 195, 197, 202
Doctrine of Opposites 110-112, 118,278
Dualism 22n, 25,110-113, 124n, 150, 192, 196, 215-219, 224, 235, 237, 249, 253- 255, 259- 266, 269, 270,274
