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    Einführung in die philosophische Ethik

    Einführung in die philosophische Ethik

    Autoren:

    Verlag:
    UTB   Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen

    Erschienen: Februar 2014
    Seiten: 283
    Sprache: Deutsch
    Preis: 19.99 €
    Maße: 216x150x22
    Einband: Taschenbuch
    ISBN: 9783825241216

    Inhaltsverzeichnis

    Vorwort7
    1.Ethik und Moral - Begriffsklärungen11
    1.1Etymologische Herkunft von >Ethik< und >Moral<11
    1.2Moderne Bedeutung von >Moral<13
    1.3Moderne Bedeutung von >Ethik<17
    1.4Einteilung der Ethik21
    2. Deskriptive Ethik - Ansätze aus Philosophie,
    Psychologie und Soziologie24
    2.1 Smith: Vom aufmerksamen Zuschauen zum
    >unparteiischen Zuschauen24
    2.2Kohlberg: Die sechs Stufen der Moralentwicklung26
    2.3Luhmann: Moral und funktionale Differenzierung30
    2.4Zum Zusammenhang von deskriptiver und normativer Ethik35
    3. Metaethik - Das Sein, das Erkennen und die Sprache
    der Moral37
    3.1Sein-Sollen-Fehlschluss und naturalistischer Fehlschluss40
    3.2Kognitivismus und Nonkognitivismus51
    3.3Generalismus und Partikularismus68
    3.4Rationalismus und Sensualismus78
    3.5Tugendethik, Deontologie und Teleologie88
    4.Tugendethik - Die vollkommene Seele99
    4.1Tugenden, Handlungen und Erfolge99
    4.2Piaton: Seelenharmonie und Kardinaltugenden101
    4.3Aristoteles: Höchstes Gut und rechte Mitte111
    4.4 Thomas von Aquin: Antike Tugenden und christliche
    Tugenden138
    4.Rückkehr des Aristotelismus146
    5.Deontologie - Das richtige Handeln151
    5.1Die Universalisierbarkeit von Handlungen152
    5.2Kant 1: Guter Wille und moralische Maximen159
    5.3Kant 2: Die Gesetzesformel des kategorischen Imperativs172
    5.4Kant 3: Die Zweckformel des kategorischen Imperativs196
    5.5Neuansätze des Kantianismus205
    6.Teleologie - Die erstrebenswerte Welt211
    6.1Varianten und Probleme des Utilitarismus212
    6.2Bentham: Gegen Asketizismus und Willkür237
    6.3Mill: Der Beweis des Utilitarismus241
    6.4 Sidgwick: Intertemporale Summation und interpersonelle
    Summation252
    6.5Perspektiven des Utilitarismus258
    Literatur274
    Personenregister277
    Sachregister279

    Register

    Achilles 123
    Adeimantos 107
    Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret 146
    Apel, Karl-Otto 20
    Aristoteles 12, 18, 22, 54, 59, 67, 77, 85, 90, 97, 99, 105, 110, 111-138, 138-144, 146-147, 150, 163, 214, 226, 237, 239- 240
    Ayer, Alfred Jules 59-60
    Beccaria, Cesare 215
    Bentham, Jeremy 22,75,84,91,97,211-215, 222-223, 236, 237-241, 241-242, 246, 252, 259, 266, 269
    Birnbacher, Dieter 271
    Brandt, Richard Booker 223, 259
    Carnap, Rudolf 59
    Cicero 105
    Dancy, Jonathan 78, 87
    Dürkheim, Emile 30
    Einstein, Albert 18
    Foot, Philippa 146
    Gauthier, David Peter 264
    Gewirth, Alan 205
    Glaukon 107
    Habermas, Jürgen 20-21,75,84,91,97,205, 206-207, 259
    Hare, Richard Mervyn 60-62, 75, 84, 91,97, 222-223, 259, 261-263, 263-265, 269
    Harsanyi, John Charles 222-223, 259
    Hartmann, Nicolai 38,49, 86-87, 97
    Helvetius, Claude-Adrien 215
    Hübner, Dietmar 271
    Hume, David 40, 40-44, 45-47, 49-50, 59, 82, 243-244, 267-268
    Hursthouse, Rosalind 146
    Hutcheson, Francis 86, 97, 215
    Jonas, Hans 49
    Kant, Immanuel 16,18,22,54,59-60,75,84, 91, 97, 151, 159, 159-205, 205-210, 214, 217, 219, 226, 237, 239-240, 259, 272
    Kephalos 103-106
    Kohlberg, Lawrence 26-30, 35-36
    Korsgaard, Christine Marion 205
    Luhmann, Niklas 30-35, 35-36
    Maclntyre, Alasdair Chalmers 78,85,90,97, 146.147-148
    Mackie, John Leslie 62-64
    McDowell, John 78, 87
    McNaughton, David 78, 87-88
    Mill, John Stuart 18, 22, 47, 54, 59, 75, 84, 91, 97, 212-215, 221-223, 236, 241-252, 252-253,259, 264-267, 269
    Moore, George Edward 40,44-48,49,55,76, 84, 97, 243-246, 250-251
    Newton, Isaac 18
    Nikomachos 111
    Nussbaum, Martha Craven 78, 85, 90, 97, 146.148-149
    Odysseus 123
    O'Neill, Onora 205
    Parfit, Derek 259
    Perikles 125
    Piaget, Jean 26
    Platon 22,37,67,77,85,90,97,99,101-111, 117-118, 120, 122, 125-126, 138-144, 147, 149, 239
    Polemarchos 105
    Priestley, Joseph 215
    Rawls, John 75, 84, 91, 97, 205, 208-209, 259, 263, 267
    Ross, William David 76, 84, 97
    Russell, Bertrand Arthur William 59
    Scanlon, Thomas Michael 205
    Scheler, Max 38, 49, 82-83, 86-87, 97
    Searle, John 50-51,97
    Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd Earl of 85-86, 97
    Sidgwick, Henry 22,75,84,91,97,212-213, 215, 222-223, 236, 247-251, 252-258, 259, 263-264, 269
    Simonides 105-106, 110
    Singer, Peter 75, 84, 91, 97, 213-214, 222- 223, 259, 260-261, 262, 267, 269
    Smart, John Jamieson Carswell 259
    Smith, Adam 24-26, 30, 35-36, 95, 215, 268-269
    Sokrates 67,101-107, 221
    Stevenson, Charles Leslie 59
    Thales 125
    Thomas von Aquin 12,22,37-38,77-78,85, 90, 97, 99,138-145, 147,150, 239
    Thrasymachos 104-106,109
    Toulmin, Stephen 78, 87
    Williams, Bernard Arthur Owen 146
    abnehmender Grenznutzen 229-231, 273
    Abwehrrechte 228-235
    agere: s. Handeln Akt-Utilitarismus 215-219, 272
    Altruismus 208, 225-226, 254, 265
    andreia: s. Tapferkeit Anspruchsrechte 228
    apatheia: s. Leidenschaftslosigkeit aretaische Ethik 90
    arete: s. Tugend Argument aus der Absonderlichkeit {argu- ment from queerness) 63-64
    Argument aus der Relativität {argument from relativity) 64
    Argument der offenen Frage {open question argument) 47-48
    argument from queerness: s. Argument aus der Absonderlichkeit argument from relativity: s. Argument aus der Relativität ariston: s. höchstes Gut Aristotelismus, aristotelisch 78,85,99,146- 149, 152,205
    ars: s. Kunst Asketizismus 237-240, 266
    Asozialität (Tragedy of the Commons) 155- 156, 202,217-218
    ataraxia: s. Unerschütterlichkeit attentive spectator: s. aufmerksamer Zu- schauer aufmerksamer Zuschauer {attentive specta- tor) 24-26, 35-36, 268-269
    autarkeia: s. Selbstgenügsamkeit Besonnenheit {söphrosyne/temperantia) 101, 109-111,118,123-124,126,143,145,150
    Caritas: s. Liebe Code 31-33
    Common Law 240
    Common Sense 253
    Deduktivismus, deduktivistisch 71-74, 80
    Deontologie, deontologisch 18, 22, 30, 39- 40, 75-76, 78, 84, 88-98, 99-101, 104, 106, 110-111, 115-116, 130-131, 135, 139, 146-148, 151-210, 214, 216-217, 228, 237, 240, 250, 253, 259, 270-272
    deskriptive Ethik 11, 22-23, 23, 24-36, 37, 63,268-269
    dikaiosyne: s. Gerechtigkeit Ding an sich selbst {noumenon) 167
    Ding in der Erscheinung {phaenomenon) 167
    Diskursethik / Diskurstheorie 20-21, 53, 206-207
    Diskursprinzip >D< 75, 84, 206-207
    Durchschnittsnutzen 75,222-230,232-233, 237, 250-251, 258-260, 266, 270, 272
    Durchschnittsnutzen-Utilitarismus 222- 223,273
    Egalitarismus 227-228, 233, 237, 241, 261, 273
    Egoismus, egoistisch 83,155-156,191-192, 218, 225-226, 254-255, 258, 264
    Einsicht {nous/intellectus) 120,124,143,145
    Einzelfallurteil 22, 39, 68-81, 84-85, 88, 136-137, 204, 250
    Emotivismus, emotivistisch 56-57, 58-62, 81-83,268
    Empfindungsethik 79
    empirische Ethik 22
    Entscheidungstheorie 208-209
    episteme: s. Wissenschaft Epistemologie, epistemologisch 37-41, 45, 48-50, 52-56, 60-64, 71-72, 74, 78-82, 87, 137, 148,224, 253,268
    Erfolgsethik 91
    Ergon-Argument 115
    Essenzialismus 149
    ethics, ethical 20
    Ethik, ethisch 11, 13,17,17-21, 21-23
    ethische Überzeugungen 20-21, 207
    Ethos 20-21
    ethos 12, 20,122
    éthos, éthikos 11-12, 20
    eudaimonia: s. Glückseligkeit Euthyphron-Dilemma 37-38,42
    Expressivismus 57
    facere: s. Herstellen fides: s. Glaube fortitudo: s. Tapferkeit Funktionssystem 31-35
    Gebotsethik 91
    Gefühlsethik 79
    gelungenes Leben: s. Glückseligkeit Generalismus, generalistisch 39, 68-78, 79-80, 84, 86, 97, 135-137, 139, 195, 250
    monistischer Generalismus 75
    pluralistischer Generalismus 75, 84
    Gerechtigkeit (dikaiosyne/iustitia) 103-107, 109-111,122, 124-129, 142-145, 150
    allgemeine Gerechtigkeit (iustitia genera- lis/universalis/legalis) 126,129,143
    ausgleichende Gerechtigkeit (iustitia
    commuta tiva/co mmunica tiva/co rrectiva/
    retributiva) 126-129,143,150
    austeilende Gerechtigkeit (iustitia distri- butiva) 126, 128-129, 143-144, 150
    partikulare Gerechtigkeit (iustitia parti- culars/specialis) 126, 129, 138, 143
    Gesetzesformel (des kategorischen Impera- tivs) 172-197,199-202, 204, 210
    Gesinnungsethik 90
    Glaube (fides) 144-145, 150
    Glück (happiness) 55, 91, 93, 131, 157-158, 161, 173-174, 193, 212-215, 219-227, 232-235, 237-259, 263-267, 269-270, 272-273
    Glückseligkeit (gelungenes Leben, gutes Le- ben) (eudaimonia) 100, 111-116, 119, 149, 151, 161,205,214
    Glücks-Utilitarismus 219-222, 273
    Goldene Regel 158-159
    greatest happiness for the greatest numbers /
    greatest happiness of the greatest number 28, 86,213-214,237
    greatest happiness principle 213, 237
    gutes Leben: s. Glückseligkeit habitus: s. Habitus Habitus (hexis/habitus) 121-122,126, 132- 134, 137,141, 143, 164
    Handeln (praxis/agere) 113-116, 119-122, 124-125,130-133, 137-139,143-144
    Handlungstheorie 95
    happiness: s. Glück Heinz-Dilemma 27,29
    Herstellen (poiésis/facere) 113-116, 119, 121,124,130-132,143
    hexis: s. Habitus höchstes Gut (aristón) 111-116,122, 214
    Hoffnung (spes) 145,150
    Humes Gesetz 40-41, 44, 46
    ideal observer: s. idealer Beobachter idealer Beobachter (ideal observer) 212, 266-272
    Idiopragie-Formel 110
    impartial spectator: s. unparteiischer Zu- schauer Imperativ 41, 60-62, 161, 173-174
    hypothetischer Imperativ 16-17, 173, 197-198, 204
    kategorischer Imperativ 16-17, 60, 75, 84,159,161,172-206,208, 210,219,226, 239, 259, 272
    Imperativethik / Imperativtheorie 58, 61
    Induktivismus, induktivistisch 71-74, 80
    Instrumentalisierung 196-197, 199-204
    intellectualism 79
    intellectus: s. Einsicht Intuitionismus, intuitionistisch 55, 79-80, 82, 84, 86, 253-255
    Irrtumstheorie 62
    iustitia: s. Gerechtigkeit Kantianismus, kantianisch 30, 35, 55, 78, 146, 149, 152,205-209
    Kardinaltugenden 85, 110, 120, 122, 141, 143-145,149-150
    Kasuistik 69,139
    Klugheit (phronesis/prudentia) 85,121-126, 130-139,143-145,150
    Kognitivismus, kognitivistisch 39, 51-68, 81,97
    Kommunitarismus 147
    Konsequentialismus 91
    Konstruktivismus, konstruktivistisch 53, 54-55
    Kontraktualismus 53, 208-209
    Kunst (techne/ars) 121, 124, 130, 132, 143, 145
    Leidenschaftslosigkeit (apatheia) 146
    Liberalismus 206, 241
    Liebe (Caritas) 145,150
    Mäeutik 101
    Maxime 75, 159, 165, 169-186, 188-197, 199-203, 206-208, 210, 214, 217, 219, 238,256,259
    Maximinprinzip 227-228
    medium: s. rechte Mitte Meritokratie 128
    mesotes: s. rechte Mitte Metaethik 11, 22-23, 23-24, 37-98, 148, 152, 195, 250, 253, 259, 267-268
    Mills Beweis 241-253, 264, 266-267
    Minimalversorgung 227-228,233,237,241, 261
    Moral, moralisch 11-13,13-17,17-23
    moralische Normen 20-21, 38, 63-64, 207
    moralische Werte 38, 63-64, 86-87
    moralischer Sinn 39, 43-44, 50, 64, 78-88, 239,268
    morality, moral 20
    Moralphilosophie 17, 35
    Moralpsychologie 17,26-30, 35
    Moral-Sense-Theorien 85-86
    Moralsoziologie 17, 30-35
    Moraltheologie 17
    mos, moralis 12
    Natur 15, 147-149, 152, 159-161, 164, 168, 177-182, 190-193, 198, 200, 203-204, 213,239,251,269
    Naturalismus 50, 55
    naturalistischer Fehlschluss 36, 39, 40-51, 51-52, 55, 130, 243-247, 250-251
    negativer Utilitarismus 273
    Neigung 163-168, 170, 172, 174, 197, 203, 208,238
    Niveau 27-30
    konventionelles Niveau 28-29
    postkonventionelles Niveau 28-29
    präkonventionelles Niveau 27-29
    Nonkognitivismus, nonkognitivistisch 39, 44, 50-51, 51-68, 81, 87-88, 97,148
    normative Ethik 11, 22-23, 23-24, 26, 30, 34-37, 39, 42-44, 52-55, 61, 63-64, 67- 68, 72-73, 75, 84, 88-89, 94-96, 99, 211, 214, 226, 239, 258-259, 268-269, 272
    noumenon: s. Ding an sich selbst nous: s. Einsicht Nutzen (Utility) 91, 93, 161, 205, 211-237, 241,248,251,258-273
    Nutzensumme 75, 222-230, 232-233, 237, 239-242, 247-264, 266-267, 269-272
    Nutzensummen-Utilitarismus 213-215, 222-223,273
    Objektivismus, objektivistisch 52-53, 54- 55, 83
    ökologische Ethik 49-50
    Ontologie, ontologisch 37-40, 49, 63, 68- 69,71-72,74,80,86,95-96,137,175,264
    open question argument: s. Argument der offenen Frage operative Schließung 32
    Parteilichkeit 70-71
    Partikularismus, partikularistisch 39, 68- 78, 79-81, 84-87, 97, 130, 135-140
    Person 198-200
    Pflanzen 115-118, 141,203-204
    Pflicht 100, 151, 160-161, 163-170, 172, 174-175, 177-178, 186, 188-189, 193- 194, 205, 225,240, 257, 272
    engere Pflichten (vollkommene, unnach- lassliche Pflichten) 177-179, 182, 188, 193-194, 201,210
    notwendige Pflichten (schuldige Pflich- ten) 201
    weitere Pflichten (unvollkommene, ver- dienstliche Pflichten) 177-178,183,188- 189, 193-194, 201,210
    zufällige Pflichten (verdienstliche Pflich- ten) 201
    Pflichten gegen andere 178, 180-182, 186, 190-191, 194, 199-201,210
    Pflichten gegen sich selbst 178,180-182, 186, 190-191, 194, 199-201,210
    Pflichtethik 90-91
    phaenomenon: s. Ding in der Erscheinung phronesis: s. Klugheit poiesis: s. Herstellen Positivismus, positivistisch 70,147
    Präferenz (preference) 55, 148, 219-227, 232-235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 259, 262, 264-267,270, 272-273
    Präferenz-Utilitarismus 219-222, 273
    Präskriptivismus, präskriptivistisch 57-58, 58-62
    praktische Vernunft 39, 43-44, 51, 64, 78- 88, 121, 149, 168, 197, 203-204, 268
    praxis: s. Handeln preference: s. Präferenz prima-facie-Pflichten 76
    principle of Utility 212
    Prinzip 22, 39, 45, 48, 68-81, 84-88, 120, 130-131, 135-139, 150, 160, 169-179, 181, 184-185, 187, 191, 195-198, 202, 204-205, 207-208, 211-215, 219, 223, 225-227, 229, 231, 235-241, 245-246, 250-256, 259-261, 263, 265-267, 270, 272
    Prinzipienethik 69
    Prinzipiismus 69
    Programm 31-33
    prudentia: s. Klugheit Puritanismus 240
    Rassismus, rassistisch 50,101,176
    Rationalismus, rationalistisch 39,78-88,97, 130, 137-140
    Realismus, realistisch 52-53, 54-55, 87-88
    rechte Mitte (mesotes/medium) 111, 121- 124, 126-129, 132, 138, 141, 143-144
    Rechtspflicht 160, 206
    Regel-Utilitarismus 215-219, 272
    Relativismus, relativistisch 53, 54-55, 64- 68, 70, 147
    sapientia: s. Weisheit Schleier des Nichtwissens 208
    Schwarzfahren (Trittbrettfahren) 154-156, 202,217-218
    scientia: s. Wissenschaft Sein-Sollen-Fehlschluss 36, 39, 40-51, 51- 52,243-244, 268
    Selbstgenügsamkeit (autarkeia) 146
    Sensualismus, sensualistisch 39, 43, 50-51, 78-88, 97, 137-138, 140, 268
    sentimentalism 79
    Sexismus, sexistisch 50,176
    Situationsethik 69
    Skeptizismus, skeptizistisch 35, 53, 54-55, 62-68, 70, 104, 147
    Sokratische Methode 101
    sophia: s. Weisheit Sophisten 67,101,104-105
    söphrosyne: s. Besonnenheit Sozialdarwinismus, sozialdarwinistisch 50
    Sozialethik 17
    Sozialismus 241
    spes: s. Hoffnung Sprachanalyse, sprachanalytisch 37-40, 45, 48-50, 52, 55-62, 81-82, 97, 148
    Sprechakt 56-57, 59
    Sprechakttheorie 95
    Stoa, stoisch 13,146
    strukturelle Kopplung 32
    Stufen der Moralentwicklung 26-30, 36
    Subjektivismus, subjektivistisch 53, 54-55, 65-68, 70
    Syllogismus poietischer Syllogismus 130-131
    praktischer Syllogismus 129-138, 150
    Sympathie 25-26, 238-241,268, 270
    Systemtheorie 30-35
    Tapferkeit (andreia/fortitudo) 101,109-111, 118, 123-124, 126, 132-137, 143, 145, 150, 157-158,226
    techne: s. Kunst Teleologie, teleologisch 18, 22, 30, 39-40, 75-76, 78, 84, 86, 88-98, 99-101, 104- 106, 110-116, 131, 139, 146-148, 152, 155-156, 158, 160-162, 169, 172, 183, 189-191, 193-194, 202, 205, 207, 209, 211-273
    telos teleiotaton: s. vollkommenstes Ziel temperantia: s. Besonnenheit Tiere 15, 114-118, 141, 203-204, 213, 221- 222
    Tragedy of the Commons: s. Asozialität Trittbrettfahren: s. Schwarzfahren Tugend (arete/virtus) 99-150, 158, 161, 173-174, 193, 205, 214, 226, 239-240, 245, 253, 272
    dianoetische Tugenden (aretai dianoetikai/
    virtutes intellectuales) (verstandhafte Tu- genden, Verstandestugenden) 117-118, 120-122,124-125,131,137,142-145,163
    ethische Tugenden (aretai ethikai/virtu- tes morales) (sittliche Tugenden, Charak- tertugenden) 12,117-126,130-137,139, 141,143-145, 163
    theologische Tugenden (virtutes theologi- cae) 141, 144-145, 150
    Tugendethik, tugendethisch 18, 22, 39-40, 76-78, 84-85, 87, 88-98, 99-150, 152, 155-156, 158, 160-163, 169, 172, 183, 189-191, 193-194, 205, 207, 209, 214, 228, 237, 240, 250, 253, 270-272
    Tugendpflicht 160
    Unerschütterlichkeit (ataraxia) 146
    Universalisierbarkeit (Verallgemeinerbar- keit) 70-71,152-159,169,171-172,174- 175, 177-197, 199-202, 204, 207, 209- 210,214,217-219,259-261
    Universalisierungsgrundsatz >U< 207
    Universalismus 70-71, 149, 152-153, 195, 209, 251,259-260
    unparteiischer Zuschauer {impartial specta- tor) 24-26, 35-36, 260, 267, 269
    Unparteilichkeit 26, 70-71, 259-263, 266- 269,271
    Urzustandsmodell 75, 84, 208-209
    Utilitarismus, utilitaristisch 25-26, 30, 35, 47, 55, 75, 78, 84, 86, 91, 146, 149, 152, 202, 205,211-273
    Utility: s. Nutzen Verallgemeinerbarkeit: s. Universalisierbar- keit Verantwortungsethik 91
    Vernunftethik 79
    Verstandesethik 79
    virtus: s. Tugend vollkommenstes Ziel (telos teleiotaton) 111- 115
    Vorrang des Gerechten vor dem Guten /
    Vorrang des Rechten vor dem Guten 205, 207, 209,216-217
    Weisheit {sophia/sapientia) 85, 108-109, 111, 117, 120, 124-126, 138-139, 143- 145,150
    Wertethik 38, 63, 86
    Wille 141-143,145,159-176,184,192-194, 197, 203,208-209,214
    Willensfreiheit 142,159-160, 168, 203
    Willkür 237-241
    Wissenschaft {episteme/scientia) 120, 124, 143, 145
    Würde 28,198
    Zweck an sich selbst 197-200,202-203
    Zweckformel (des kategorischen Impera- tivs) 172, 196-205,210