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Autoren:
Verlag:
UTB Weitere Titel dieses Verlages anzeigen
Vorwort | 7 | |
1. | Ethik und Moral - Begriffsklärungen | 11 |
1.1 | Etymologische Herkunft von >Ethik< und >Moral< | 11 |
1.2 | Moderne Bedeutung von >Moral< | 13 |
1.3 | Moderne Bedeutung von >Ethik< | 17 |
1.4 | Einteilung der Ethik | 21 |
2. Deskriptive Ethik - Ansätze aus Philosophie, | ||
Psychologie und Soziologie | 24 | |
2.1 Smith: Vom aufmerksamen Zuschauen zum | ||
>unparteiischen Zuschauen | 24 | |
2.2 | Kohlberg: Die sechs Stufen der Moralentwicklung | 26 |
2.3 | Luhmann: Moral und funktionale Differenzierung | 30 |
2.4 | Zum Zusammenhang von deskriptiver und normativer Ethik | 35 |
3. Metaethik - Das Sein, das Erkennen und die Sprache | ||
der Moral | 37 | |
3.1 | Sein-Sollen-Fehlschluss und naturalistischer Fehlschluss | 40 |
3.2 | Kognitivismus und Nonkognitivismus | 51 |
3.3 | Generalismus und Partikularismus | 68 |
3.4 | Rationalismus und Sensualismus | 78 |
3.5 | Tugendethik, Deontologie und Teleologie | 88 |
4. | Tugendethik - Die vollkommene Seele | 99 |
4.1 | Tugenden, Handlungen und Erfolge | 99 |
4.2 | Piaton: Seelenharmonie und Kardinaltugenden | 101 |
4.3 | Aristoteles: Höchstes Gut und rechte Mitte | 111 |
4.4 Thomas von Aquin: Antike Tugenden und christliche | ||
Tugenden | 138 | |
4. | Rückkehr des Aristotelismus | 146 |
5. | Deontologie - Das richtige Handeln | 151 |
5.1 | Die Universalisierbarkeit von Handlungen | 152 |
5.2 | Kant 1: Guter Wille und moralische Maximen | 159 |
5.3 | Kant 2: Die Gesetzesformel des kategorischen Imperativs | 172 |
5.4 | Kant 3: Die Zweckformel des kategorischen Imperativs | 196 |
5.5 | Neuansätze des Kantianismus | 205 |
6. | Teleologie - Die erstrebenswerte Welt | 211 |
6.1 | Varianten und Probleme des Utilitarismus | 212 |
6.2 | Bentham: Gegen Asketizismus und Willkür | 237 |
6.3 | Mill: Der Beweis des Utilitarismus | 241 |
6.4 Sidgwick: Intertemporale Summation und interpersonelle | ||
Summation | 252 | |
6.5 | Perspektiven des Utilitarismus | 258 |
Literatur | 274 | |
Personenregister | 277 | |
Sachregister | 279 | |
Achilles 123
Adeimantos 107
Anscombe, Gertrude Elizabeth Margaret 146
Apel, Karl-Otto 20
Aristoteles 12, 18, 22, 54, 59, 67, 77, 85, 90, 97, 99, 105, 110, 111-138, 138-144, 146-147, 150, 163, 214, 226, 237, 239- 240
Ayer, Alfred Jules 59-60
Beccaria, Cesare 215
Bentham, Jeremy 22,75,84,91,97,211-215, 222-223, 236, 237-241, 241-242, 246, 252, 259, 266, 269
Birnbacher, Dieter 271
Brandt, Richard Booker 223, 259
Carnap, Rudolf 59
Cicero 105
Dancy, Jonathan 78, 87
Dürkheim, Emile 30
Einstein, Albert 18
Foot, Philippa 146
Gauthier, David Peter 264
Gewirth, Alan 205
Glaukon 107
Habermas, Jürgen 20-21,75,84,91,97,205,
206-207, 259
Hare, Richard Mervyn 60-62, 75, 84, 91,97,
222-223, 259, 261-263, 263-265, 269
Harsanyi, John Charles 222-223, 259
Hartmann, Nicolai 38,49, 86-87, 97
Helvetius, Claude-Adrien 215
Hübner, Dietmar 271
Hume, David 40, 40-44, 45-47, 49-50, 59,
82, 243-244, 267-268
Hursthouse, Rosalind 146
Hutcheson, Francis 86, 97, 215
Jonas, Hans 49
Kant, Immanuel 16,18,22,54,59-60,75,84, 91, 97, 151, 159, 159-205, 205-210, 214, 217, 219, 226, 237, 239-240, 259, 272
Kephalos 103-106
Kohlberg, Lawrence 26-30, 35-36
Korsgaard, Christine Marion 205
Luhmann, Niklas 30-35, 35-36
Maclntyre, Alasdair Chalmers 78,85,90,97,
146.147-148
Mackie, John Leslie 62-64
McDowell, John 78, 87
McNaughton, David 78, 87-88
Mill, John Stuart 18, 22, 47, 54, 59, 75, 84, 91, 97, 212-215, 221-223, 236, 241-252, 252-253,259, 264-267, 269
Moore, George Edward 40,44-48,49,55,76,
84, 97, 243-246, 250-251
Newton, Isaac 18
Nikomachos 111
Nussbaum, Martha Craven 78, 85, 90, 97,
146.148-149
Odysseus 123
O'Neill, Onora 205
Parfit, Derek 259
Perikles 125
Piaget, Jean 26
Platon 22,37,67,77,85,90,97,99,101-111, 117-118, 120, 122, 125-126, 138-144, 147, 149, 239
Polemarchos 105
Priestley, Joseph 215
Rawls, John 75, 84, 91, 97, 205, 208-209,
259, 263, 267
Ross, William David 76, 84, 97
Russell, Bertrand Arthur William 59
Scanlon, Thomas Michael 205
Scheler, Max 38, 49, 82-83, 86-87, 97
Searle, John 50-51,97
Shaftesbury, Anthony Ashley Cooper, 3rd
Earl of 85-86, 97
Sidgwick, Henry 22,75,84,91,97,212-213, 215, 222-223, 236, 247-251, 252-258, 259, 263-264, 269
Simonides 105-106, 110
Singer, Peter 75, 84, 91, 97, 213-214, 222-
223, 259, 260-261, 262, 267, 269
Smart, John Jamieson Carswell 259
Smith, Adam 24-26, 30, 35-36, 95, 215, 268-269
Sokrates 67,101-107, 221
Stevenson, Charles Leslie 59
Thales 125
Thomas von Aquin 12,22,37-38,77-78,85,
90, 97, 99,138-145, 147,150, 239
Thrasymachos 104-106,109
Toulmin, Stephen 78, 87
Williams, Bernard Arthur Owen 146
abnehmender Grenznutzen 229-231, 273
Abwehrrechte 228-235
agere: s. Handeln
Akt-Utilitarismus 215-219, 272
Altruismus 208, 225-226, 254, 265
andreia: s. Tapferkeit
Anspruchsrechte 228
apatheia: s. Leidenschaftslosigkeit
aretaische Ethik 90
arete: s. Tugend
Argument aus der Absonderlichkeit {argu- ment from queerness) 63-64
Argument aus der Relativität {argument
from relativity) 64
Argument der offenen Frage {open question
argument) 47-48
argument from queerness: s. Argument aus
der Absonderlichkeit argument from relativity: s. Argument aus
der Relativität ariston: s. höchstes Gut Aristotelismus, aristotelisch 78,85,99,146-
149, 152,205
ars: s. Kunst
Asketizismus 237-240, 266
Asozialität (Tragedy of the Commons) 155-
156, 202,217-218
ataraxia: s. Unerschütterlichkeit attentive spectator: s. aufmerksamer Zu- schauer
aufmerksamer Zuschauer {attentive specta- tor) 24-26, 35-36, 268-269
autarkeia: s. Selbstgenügsamkeit Besonnenheit {söphrosyne/temperantia) 101, 109-111,118,123-124,126,143,145,150
Caritas: s. Liebe Code 31-33
Common Law 240
Common Sense 253
Deduktivismus, deduktivistisch 71-74, 80
Deontologie, deontologisch 18, 22, 30, 39- 40, 75-76, 78, 84, 88-98, 99-101, 104, 106, 110-111, 115-116, 130-131, 135, 139, 146-148, 151-210, 214, 216-217, 228, 237, 240, 250, 253, 259, 270-272
deskriptive Ethik 11, 22-23, 23, 24-36, 37,
63,268-269
dikaiosyne: s. Gerechtigkeit Ding an sich selbst {noumenon) 167
Ding in der Erscheinung {phaenomenon) 167
Diskursethik / Diskurstheorie 20-21, 53, 206-207
Diskursprinzip >D< 75, 84, 206-207
Durchschnittsnutzen 75,222-230,232-233,
237, 250-251, 258-260, 266, 270, 272
Durchschnittsnutzen-Utilitarismus 222- 223,273
Egalitarismus 227-228, 233, 237, 241, 261, 273
Egoismus, egoistisch 83,155-156,191-192,
218, 225-226, 254-255, 258, 264
Einsicht {nous/intellectus) 120,124,143,145
Einzelfallurteil 22, 39, 68-81, 84-85, 88,
136-137, 204, 250
Emotivismus, emotivistisch 56-57, 58-62,
81-83,268
Empfindungsethik 79
empirische Ethik 22
Entscheidungstheorie 208-209
episteme: s. Wissenschaft Epistemologie, epistemologisch 37-41, 45, 48-50, 52-56, 60-64, 71-72, 74, 78-82, 87, 137, 148,224, 253,268
Erfolgsethik 91
Ergon-Argument 115
Essenzialismus 149
ethics, ethical 20
Ethik, ethisch 11, 13,17,17-21, 21-23
ethische Überzeugungen 20-21, 207
Ethos 20-21
ethos 12, 20,122
éthos, éthikos 11-12, 20
eudaimonia: s. Glückseligkeit
Euthyphron-Dilemma 37-38,42
Expressivismus 57
facere: s. Herstellen
fides: s. Glaube
fortitudo: s. Tapferkeit
Funktionssystem 31-35
Gebotsethik 91
Gefühlsethik 79
gelungenes Leben: s. Glückseligkeit Generalismus, generalistisch 39, 68-78, 79-80, 84, 86, 97, 135-137, 139, 195, 250
monistischer Generalismus 75
pluralistischer Generalismus 75, 84
Gerechtigkeit (dikaiosyne/iustitia) 103-107, 109-111,122, 124-129, 142-145, 150
allgemeine Gerechtigkeit (iustitia genera- lis/universalis/legalis) 126,129,143
ausgleichende Gerechtigkeit (iustitia
commuta tiva/co mmunica tiva/co rrectiva/
retributiva) 126-129,143,150
austeilende Gerechtigkeit (iustitia distri- butiva) 126, 128-129, 143-144, 150
partikulare Gerechtigkeit (iustitia parti- culars/specialis) 126, 129, 138, 143
Gesetzesformel (des kategorischen Impera- tivs) 172-197,199-202, 204, 210
Gesinnungsethik 90
Glaube (fides) 144-145, 150
Glück (happiness) 55, 91, 93, 131, 157-158, 161, 173-174, 193, 212-215, 219-227, 232-235, 237-259, 263-267, 269-270, 272-273
Glückseligkeit (gelungenes Leben, gutes Le- ben) (eudaimonia) 100, 111-116, 119, 149, 151, 161,205,214
Glücks-Utilitarismus 219-222, 273
Goldene Regel 158-159
greatest happiness for the greatest numbers /
greatest happiness of the greatest number 28, 86,213-214,237
greatest happiness principle 213, 237
gutes Leben: s. Glückseligkeit habitus: s. Habitus
Habitus (hexis/habitus) 121-122,126, 132-
134, 137,141, 143, 164
Handeln (praxis/agere) 113-116, 119-122,
124-125,130-133, 137-139,143-144
Handlungstheorie 95
happiness: s. Glück Heinz-Dilemma 27,29
Herstellen (poiésis/facere) 113-116, 119,
121,124,130-132,143
hexis: s. Habitus
höchstes Gut (aristón) 111-116,122, 214
Hoffnung (spes) 145,150
Humes Gesetz 40-41, 44, 46
ideal observer: s. idealer Beobachter idealer Beobachter (ideal observer) 212,
266-272
Idiopragie-Formel 110
impartial spectator: s. unparteiischer Zu- schauer
Imperativ 41, 60-62, 161, 173-174
hypothetischer Imperativ 16-17, 173, 197-198, 204
kategorischer Imperativ 16-17, 60, 75, 84,159,161,172-206,208, 210,219,226, 239, 259, 272
Imperativethik / Imperativtheorie 58, 61
Induktivismus, induktivistisch 71-74, 80
Instrumentalisierung 196-197, 199-204
intellectualism 79
intellectus: s. Einsicht
Intuitionismus, intuitionistisch 55, 79-80,
82, 84, 86, 253-255
Irrtumstheorie 62
iustitia: s. Gerechtigkeit Kantianismus, kantianisch 30, 35, 55, 78,
146, 149, 152,205-209
Kardinaltugenden 85, 110, 120, 122, 141,
143-145,149-150
Kasuistik 69,139
Klugheit (phronesis/prudentia) 85,121-126,
130-139,143-145,150
Kognitivismus, kognitivistisch 39, 51-68,
81,97
Kommunitarismus 147
Konsequentialismus 91
Konstruktivismus, konstruktivistisch 53, 54-55
Kontraktualismus 53, 208-209
Kunst (techne/ars) 121, 124, 130, 132, 143, 145
Leidenschaftslosigkeit (apatheia) 146
Liberalismus 206, 241
Liebe (Caritas) 145,150
Mäeutik 101
Maxime 75, 159, 165, 169-186, 188-197, 199-203, 206-208, 210, 214, 217, 219, 238,256,259
Maximinprinzip 227-228
medium: s. rechte Mitte Meritokratie 128
mesotes: s. rechte Mitte Metaethik 11, 22-23, 23-24, 37-98, 148,
152, 195, 250, 253, 259, 267-268
Mills Beweis 241-253, 264, 266-267
Minimalversorgung 227-228,233,237,241, 261
Moral, moralisch 11-13,13-17,17-23
moralische Normen 20-21, 38, 63-64, 207
moralische Werte 38, 63-64, 86-87
moralischer Sinn 39, 43-44, 50, 64, 78-88,
239,268
morality, moral 20
Moralphilosophie 17, 35
Moralpsychologie 17,26-30, 35
Moral-Sense-Theorien 85-86
Moralsoziologie 17, 30-35
Moraltheologie 17
mos, moralis 12
Natur 15, 147-149, 152, 159-161, 164, 168, 177-182, 190-193, 198, 200, 203-204, 213,239,251,269
Naturalismus 50, 55
naturalistischer Fehlschluss 36, 39, 40-51,
51-52, 55, 130, 243-247, 250-251
negativer Utilitarismus 273
Neigung 163-168, 170, 172, 174, 197, 203,
208,238
Niveau 27-30
konventionelles Niveau 28-29
postkonventionelles Niveau 28-29
präkonventionelles Niveau 27-29
Nonkognitivismus, nonkognitivistisch 39,
44, 50-51, 51-68, 81, 87-88, 97,148
normative Ethik 11, 22-23, 23-24, 26, 30, 34-37, 39, 42-44, 52-55, 61, 63-64, 67- 68, 72-73, 75, 84, 88-89, 94-96, 99, 211, 214, 226, 239, 258-259, 268-269, 272
noumenon: s. Ding an sich selbst nous: s. Einsicht
Nutzen (Utility) 91, 93, 161, 205, 211-237,
241,248,251,258-273
Nutzensumme 75, 222-230, 232-233, 237,
239-242, 247-264, 266-267, 269-272
Nutzensummen-Utilitarismus 213-215,
222-223,273
Objektivismus, objektivistisch 52-53, 54- 55, 83
ökologische Ethik 49-50
Ontologie, ontologisch 37-40, 49, 63, 68- 69,71-72,74,80,86,95-96,137,175,264
open question argument: s. Argument der
offenen Frage operative Schließung 32
Parteilichkeit 70-71
Partikularismus, partikularistisch 39, 68-
78, 79-81, 84-87, 97, 130, 135-140
Person 198-200
Pflanzen 115-118, 141,203-204
Pflicht 100, 151, 160-161, 163-170, 172, 174-175, 177-178, 186, 188-189, 193- 194, 205, 225,240, 257, 272
engere Pflichten (vollkommene, unnach- lassliche Pflichten) 177-179, 182, 188, 193-194, 201,210
notwendige Pflichten (schuldige Pflich- ten) 201
weitere Pflichten (unvollkommene, ver- dienstliche Pflichten) 177-178,183,188- 189, 193-194, 201,210
zufällige Pflichten (verdienstliche Pflich- ten) 201
Pflichten gegen andere 178, 180-182, 186, 190-191, 194, 199-201,210
Pflichten gegen sich selbst 178,180-182, 186, 190-191, 194, 199-201,210
Pflichtethik 90-91
phaenomenon: s. Ding in der Erscheinung phronesis: s. Klugheit
poiesis: s. Herstellen Positivismus, positivistisch 70,147
Präferenz (preference) 55, 148, 219-227, 232-235, 237, 243, 247, 251, 259, 262, 264-267,270, 272-273
Präferenz-Utilitarismus 219-222, 273
Präskriptivismus, präskriptivistisch 57-58, 58-62
praktische Vernunft 39, 43-44, 51, 64, 78-
88, 121, 149, 168, 197, 203-204, 268
praxis: s. Handeln preference: s. Präferenz prima-facie-Pflichten 76
principle of Utility 212
Prinzip 22, 39, 45, 48, 68-81, 84-88, 120, 130-131, 135-139, 150, 160, 169-179, 181, 184-185, 187, 191, 195-198, 202, 204-205, 207-208, 211-215, 219, 223, 225-227, 229, 231, 235-241, 245-246, 250-256, 259-261, 263, 265-267, 270, 272
Prinzipienethik 69
Prinzipiismus 69
Programm 31-33
prudentia: s. Klugheit
Puritanismus 240
Rassismus, rassistisch 50,101,176
Rationalismus, rationalistisch 39,78-88,97,
130, 137-140
Realismus, realistisch 52-53, 54-55, 87-88
rechte Mitte (mesotes/medium) 111, 121-
124, 126-129, 132, 138, 141, 143-144
Rechtspflicht 160, 206
Regel-Utilitarismus 215-219, 272
Relativismus, relativistisch 53, 54-55, 64-
68, 70, 147
sapientia: s. Weisheit Schleier des Nichtwissens 208
Schwarzfahren (Trittbrettfahren) 154-156,
202,217-218
scientia: s. Wissenschaft Sein-Sollen-Fehlschluss 36, 39, 40-51, 51-
52,243-244, 268
Selbstgenügsamkeit (autarkeia) 146
Sensualismus, sensualistisch 39, 43, 50-51,
78-88, 97, 137-138, 140, 268
sentimentalism 79
Sexismus, sexistisch 50,176
Situationsethik 69
Skeptizismus, skeptizistisch 35, 53, 54-55,
62-68, 70, 104, 147
Sokratische Methode 101
sophia: s. Weisheit Sophisten 67,101,104-105
söphrosyne: s. Besonnenheit Sozialdarwinismus, sozialdarwinistisch 50
Sozialethik 17
Sozialismus 241
spes: s. Hoffnung
Sprachanalyse, sprachanalytisch 37-40, 45,
48-50, 52, 55-62, 81-82, 97, 148
Sprechakt 56-57, 59
Sprechakttheorie 95
Stoa, stoisch 13,146
strukturelle Kopplung 32
Stufen der Moralentwicklung 26-30, 36
Subjektivismus, subjektivistisch 53, 54-55,
65-68, 70
Syllogismus
poietischer Syllogismus 130-131
praktischer Syllogismus 129-138, 150
Sympathie 25-26, 238-241,268, 270
Systemtheorie 30-35
Tapferkeit (andreia/fortitudo) 101,109-111, 118, 123-124, 126, 132-137, 143, 145, 150, 157-158,226
techne: s. Kunst
Teleologie, teleologisch 18, 22, 30, 39-40, 75-76, 78, 84, 86, 88-98, 99-101, 104- 106, 110-116, 131, 139, 146-148, 152, 155-156, 158, 160-162, 169, 172, 183, 189-191, 193-194, 202, 205, 207, 209, 211-273
telos teleiotaton: s. vollkommenstes Ziel temperantia: s. Besonnenheit Tiere 15, 114-118, 141, 203-204, 213, 221- 222
Tragedy of the Commons: s. Asozialität Trittbrettfahren: s. Schwarzfahren Tugend (arete/virtus) 99-150, 158, 161, 173-174, 193, 205, 214, 226, 239-240, 245, 253, 272
dianoetische Tugenden (aretai dianoetikai/
virtutes intellectuales) (verstandhafte Tu-
genden, Verstandestugenden) 117-118, 120-122,124-125,131,137,142-145,163
ethische Tugenden (aretai ethikai/virtu- tes morales) (sittliche Tugenden, Charak- tertugenden) 12,117-126,130-137,139, 141,143-145, 163
theologische Tugenden (virtutes theologi- cae) 141, 144-145, 150
Tugendethik, tugendethisch 18, 22, 39-40, 76-78, 84-85, 87, 88-98, 99-150, 152, 155-156, 158, 160-163, 169, 172, 183, 189-191, 193-194, 205, 207, 209, 214, 228, 237, 240, 250, 253, 270-272
Tugendpflicht 160
Unerschütterlichkeit (ataraxia) 146
Universalisierbarkeit (Verallgemeinerbar- keit) 70-71,152-159,169,171-172,174- 175, 177-197, 199-202, 204, 207, 209- 210,214,217-219,259-261
Universalisierungsgrundsatz >U< 207
Universalismus 70-71, 149, 152-153, 195,
209, 251,259-260
unparteiischer Zuschauer {impartial specta- tor) 24-26, 35-36, 260, 267, 269
Unparteilichkeit 26, 70-71, 259-263, 266- 269,271
Urzustandsmodell 75, 84, 208-209
Utilitarismus, utilitaristisch 25-26, 30, 35, 47, 55, 75, 78, 84, 86, 91, 146, 149, 152, 202, 205,211-273
Utility: s. Nutzen
Verallgemeinerbarkeit: s. Universalisierbar- keit
Verantwortungsethik 91
Vernunftethik 79
Verstandesethik 79
virtus: s. Tugend
vollkommenstes Ziel (telos teleiotaton) 111- 115
Vorrang des Gerechten vor dem Guten /
Vorrang des Rechten vor dem Guten 205, 207, 209,216-217
Weisheit {sophia/sapientia) 85, 108-109, 111, 117, 120, 124-126, 138-139, 143- 145,150
Wertethik 38, 63, 86
Wille 141-143,145,159-176,184,192-194,
197, 203,208-209,214
Willensfreiheit 142,159-160, 168, 203
Willkür 237-241
Wissenschaft {episteme/scientia) 120, 124,
143, 145
Würde 28,198
Zweck an sich selbst 197-200,202-203
Zweckformel (des kategorischen Impera- tivs) 172, 196-205,210